ࡱ> *,%&'()7bjbjss4t'sR :L88Dܜ:8888BBB˛͛͛͛͛͛͛$֟x\B>BBB88QQQB+b88˛QB˛QQ6 O8`!y&n0ܜԢ5Ԣ8OԢOhBBQBBBBBQBBBܜBBBBԢBBBBBBBBB( :6-m0vzu. RAQOBATLI BOZOR SHAROITIDA TLB V TKLIF NZRIYASI. BZR MUVZNTI. NR% V UNING SHKLLNISH M%NIZMI 8- m0vzu. RQBT V BZR TUZILISHI R5j0 R0q>b0t tushunch0si, m>hiyati, iqtis>diy 0s>sl0ri v0 m0qs0di. R0q>b0t str0t5giyasi. R0q>b0tning turl0ri v0 sh0kll0ri. R0q>b0t usull0ri. H0l>l v0 g irr>m r0q>b0t. R0q>b0tchilik muhiti. O zb5kist>nd0 r0q>b0tchilik muhitini sh0kll0ntirish mu0mm>l0ri. D0vl0tning 0ntim>n>p>l siyos0ti. TYANCH TUSHUNCHLR R0q>b0t, r0q>b0t q>nuni, r0q>b0t m0yd>ni, r0q>b0t usull0ri, muk0mm0l r0q>b0t, n>muk0mm0l r0q>b0t, m>n>p>listik r0q>b0t, b>z>r to siql0ri, >lig>p>liya r0q>b0ti, du>p>liya, s>f m>n>p>liya, m>n>ps>niya, r0q>b0t str0t5giyasi, r0q>b0tb0rd>shlik, r0q>b0tchilik muhiti, 0ntim>n>p>l siyos0t, r0q>b0t sub 5ktl0ri. Competition, types of competition, pure monopoly, subjects of competitions. DBIYOTLR 1. O zb5kist>n R5spublik0sining q>nuni.  O zb5kist>n R5spublik0sid0 m>n>p>l f0>liyatni ch5kl0sh to g risid0 . O zb5kist>nning yangi q>nunl0ri. T.: d>l0t 1995 y. 2. I..K0rim>v O zb5kist>n iqtis>diy isl>h>tl0rni chuqurl0shtirish yo lid0 T.: O zb5kist>n 1995 y. 88-96, 183-184 b5tl0r. 3. I..K0rim>v O zb5kist>n XXI 0srg0 intilm>qd0. T.: O zb5kist>n 1999 y. 17-34 b5t. 4.I..K0rim>v.  Bizning b>sh m0qs0dimiz-j0miyatni d5m>kr0tiyal0shtirish v0 yangil0sh, m0ml0k0tni m>d5rniz0tsiya v0 isl>h etishdir T.: O zb5kist>n, 2005 y., 76-77-b5tl0r. 5. I.A.Karimov  Mamlakatimizni demokratik yangilash va modernizatsiya qilishga qaratilgan taraqqiyot yolimizni qatiyat bilan davom ettirish bosh maqsadimizdir T.: Xalq sozi 2014 y. 6 dekabr. 6. I.A.Karimov 2015 yilda iqtisodiyotimizda tub tarkibiy ozgarishlarni amalga oshirish, modernizatsiya va diversifikatsiya jarayonlarini izchil davom ettirish hisobidan xususiy mulk va xususiy tadbirkorlikka keng yol ochib berish ustuvor vazifamizdir. T.: Xalq sozi 2015 y. 17 yanvar. 7. .O lm0s>v, .V0h>b>v Iqtis>diyot n0z0riyasi T.: M>liya 2014 y. 188-208 b5t. 8.N.To Eli5v v0 b>shq0l0r. O zb5kist>n iqtis>diyoti 0s>sl0ri T.:  O`zbekiston milliy ensiklopediyasi D0vl0t ilmiy n0shriyoti, 2006 y., 130-131-b5tl0r. 9. Sh.Sh>dm>n>v, Iqtis>diyot n0z0riyasi T: M>liya 2005 y. 250-304 b5t. U.V.G >fur>v 10. N.B5kn>z>v Iqtis>diyot n0z0riyasi T.: TDYUI 2005 y. 140-187 b5tl0r 11.D.T>jib>5v0 Iqtis>diyot n0z0riyasi T.: O qituvchi 2002 y. 238-259, 260-284 b5tl0r. !het el adabiyotlari: 12. ..>1@K=8=, .!."0@0A528G -:>=><8G5A:0O B5>@8O, >A:20 8B5@, 2008. AB@. 112. 13. -428= 6. >;0=, 59284 . 8=4A59 K=>: <8:@>M:>=><8G5A:0O <>45;L. 5BB8A15@3 :>;;546 (5=A8;L20=8O, !() , >A:20 19963. !B@.168-170 R0q>b0t tushunch0si, m>hiyati, iqtis>diy 0s>sl0ri v0 m0qs0di B>z>r iqtis>diyotig0 E>s bo lg0n b5lgil0rd0n biri iqtis>diy r0q>b0tning m0vjudligidir. B>z>r tizimi uchun r0q>b0t >b 5ktiv z0ruriyat his>bl0n0di, chunki r0q>b0tsiz iqtis>diy t0r0qqiyot bo lishi mumkin em0s. B>z>r mun>s0b0tl0rining ishtir>kchil0ri bo lg0n t>v0r ishl0b chiq0ruvchil0r v0 ist5 m>lchil0r o zl0rinig iqtis>diy m0nf00tl0rig0 eg0dirl0r. Bu m0nf00tl0rni yaEshir>q v0 >qil>n0 q>ndirish yo lid0gi ul0rning b0rch0 E0tti-h0r0k0tl0ri v0 intilishl0rini o zid0 muj0ss0m etg0n r0q>b0t kur0shi b>z>rd0 n0m>yon bo l0di. T>v0r ishl0b chiq0ruvchil0r (t0dbirk>rl0r) o z t>v0rl0rini yuq>rir>q n0rEd0 s>tib, ko pr>q f>yd0 >lish uchun kur0sh0dil0r. O z n0vb0tid0, ist5 m>lchil0r k0mr>q E0r0j0t qilg0n h>ld0 o z m0nf00tl0rini ko pr>q q>ndirishg0 intil0dil0r. B>z>r iqtis>diyoti erkin t0dbirk>rlikk0 0s>sl0ng0n tizim bo lg0ni uchun eng kuchli r0q>b0t kur0shi t>v0r ishl0b chiq0ruvchil0r o rt0sid0 bo lishi t0biiy h>l. Chunki h0r bir t0dbirk>r o z m0bl0g ini ko pr>q v0 t5zr>q f>yd0 >lish mumkin bo lg0n s>h0g0 kiritishg0, ishl0b chiq0rg0n t>v0rini b>z>rd0 ko pr>q v0 yuq>rir>q n0rEd0 s>tishg0 h0r0k0t qil0di. N0tij0d0 E>m 0shyo b>z>rid0 v0 t0yyor m0hsul>tl0r b>z>rid0 t>v0r ishl0b chiq0ruvchil0r o rt0sid0 r0q>b0t kur0shi p0yd> bo l0di. D5m0k, iqtis>diy s>h0d0gi r0q>b0t ishl0b chiq0rish mun>s0b0tl0rining sub 5ktl0ri, ya ni ishl0b chiq0ruvchil0r, ist5 m>lchil0r, t0dbirk>rl0r, yoll0nm0 ishchil0r v0 h>k0z>l0r o rt0sid0 qul0yr>q ishl0b chiq0rish r5sursl0ri v0 ishchi kuchig0 eg0 bo lish, unumlir>q t5En>l>giya, ish j>yi, yaEshi b>z>rni qo lg0 >lish, umum0n yuq>ri d0r>m0d >lish imk>niyati uchun >lib b>ril0dig0n kur0shdir. B>z>r ishtir>kchil0ri g >yat ko pchilik bo lib, bul0r firm0l0r, E>n0d>nl0r, turli t0shkil>tl0rd0n ib>r0tdir. Ul0r h0r birining o z mulki b>r, ul0rning b>shq0l0rd0n f0rql0nuvchi iqtis>diy m0nf00tl0ri m0vjud. M0s0l0n, O zb5kist>n milliy iqtis>diyotid0 1994-2010 yill0r m>b0ynid0 d0vl0t mulkini Eususiyl0shtirish j0r0yonid0 j0mi 30731 d0n >rtiq n>d0vl0t mulkchilik >b 5ktl0ri v0 yangi k>rE>n0l0r t0shkil etildi. %ususiyl0shtirilg0n bu >b 5ktl0rning 21,5 f>izi 0ktsiyad>rlik j0miyatl0ri sh0klig0 0yl0ntirilg0n, 78,5 f>izi es0, Eususiy mulk qilib s>tilg0n. H>zirgi kund0 0gr0r s>h0d0 200 mingg0 yaqin f5rm5r Eo j0likl0ri, 400 mingd0n ziyod kichik bizn5s sub 5ktl0ri f0>liyat yuritm>qd0. Iqtis>diyot ishtr>kchil0rining mulk s>hibi bo lishi ul0rni 0l>hid0l0shtir0di, ul0rning ko pchilik bo lishi iqtis>diyotd0gi t0rq>q t0rkibiy tuzilm0ni h>sil et0diki, bu ul0rning o rt0sid0 r0q>b0tning bo lishini t0q>z> et0di. R0q>b0t bir t>m>nd0n, t>v0r ishl0b chiq0ruvchil0r f0>liyatl0rining u yoki bu s>h0l0rid0 qul0y Eo j0lik yuritish sh0r>itig0, eng yuq>ri f>yd0 >lishg0 q0r0tilg0n iqtis>diy b5ll0shuvi bo ls0, ikkinchi t>m>nd0n u b>z>r ishtir>kchil0ri o rt0sid0 m0hsul>t ishl0b chiq0rish v0 ul0rni s>tish, h0md0 k0pit0l kiritish s>h0sid0 o z0r> h0r0k0tl0rni t0 minl>vchi b>z>r m5E0nizmining muhim el5m5nti s0n0l0di. SHuning uchun h0m r0q>b0t m0nf00tl0r to qn0shg0n j>yd0 yuz b5r0di.  R0q>b0t - b>z>rning 0s>siy sh0rti, uning q>nunidir . R0q>b0t q>nuni - b>z>r tizimining shund0y iqtis>diy q>nunidirki, ung0 ko r0 ishl0b chiq0ruvchi sub 5ktl0rning, o z m0qs0dl0ri yo lid0gi o z0r> kur0shi muq0r0r bo l0di, bu kur0sh b>z>rg0 E>s usull0rd0 >lib b>ril0di v0 sub 5ktl0rni iqtis>diy jih0td0n s0yl0nib >linishini yuz0g0 k5ltir0di. Bu q>nunning m0vjudligi shund0ki, r0q>b0tni iqtis>diy muhitning o zi, kishil0rning E>hish- ir>d0sid0n q0t iy n0z0r t0q>z> et0di. R0q>b0tning 0m0l qilishi uchun huquqiy, iqtis>diy v0 ijtim>iy-siyosiy 0s>sl0r m0vjud bo lishi sh0rt. Q0yd etilg0n 0s>sl0rning bir>rt0si m0vjud bo lm0s0, yoki 5t0rli d0r0j0d0 sh0kll0ntirilm0g0n bo ls0, r0q>b0t to l0q>nli 0m0l qilm0sligi v0 und0n kutil0dig0n n0tij0g0 erishilm0sligi mumkin. SHu bil0n birg0, bu muhit ch5kl0ng0n iqtis>diy r5sursl0rni mulk sif0tid0 bo lib >lish v0 ul0rni q0yt0 t0qsiml0sh 0s>sid0 ul0rd0n s0m0r0li f>yd0l0nuvchil0rg0 yo l b5rilishini t0q>z> et0di. R0q>b0t ch5kl0ng0n r5sursl0rd0n s0m0r0li f>yd0l0nish z0ruriyatid0n k5lib chiq0di v0 uning muhim v>sit0sig0 0yl0n0di. R0q>b0t q>nuni b>z>r iqtis>diyotining int5gr0l q>nuni bo lib, ya ni u iqtis>diyotning h0mm0 s>h0l0rig0 E>s bo l0di, uning 0m0l qilish d>ir0si d>im> k5ng0yib b>r0di. R0q>b0t m0yd>ni-bu b>z>rdir. d0td0 r0q>b0t bir turd0gi yoki o rinb>s0rl0r t>v0rl0rni ishl0b chiq0ruvchi yoki shung0 o Esh0sh Eizm0tl0rni ko rs0tuvchil0r o rt0sid0 yuz b5r0di. B>z>rd0 bir Eil, turd>sh yoki o rinb>s0r t>v0rl0rni s>tuvchil0r b5ll0shg0nd0 ul0r s>tish h0jmini ko p0ytirishg0, b>z>rd0 o z m0vq5ini s0ql0b q>lish v0 must0hk0ml0shg0 intil0di, o z r0qibini b>z>rd0n siqib chiq0rish v0 uning o rnini eg0ll0shg0 h0r0k0t qil0di. Bu 5rd0gi kur0sh E0rid>rni o z t>v0rig0 j0lb etib, uni o zining d>imiy mij>zig0 0yl0ntirish, ung0 t>v0rni ko pr>q s>tish uchun b>r0di. B>z>rd0 E0rid>rl0r h0m r0q>b0tl0sh0di, bund0 ul0r t>v0rni ko pr>q miqd>rd0 >lishg0 intil0di. Bund0y h>l ko pr>q b>z>rg0 0rz>nl0shtirilg0n t>v0rl0r chiq0rilg0nd0 yuz b5r0di. Chunki n0rE p0st bo lg0nd0n t>v0rg0 t0l0bg>r s>ni ko p bo l0di. M0s0l0n, m0 lum bir m0vsum o tishi bil0n s>tilm0y q>lg0n t>v0rl0rni bir n5ch0 b0r>b0r 0rz>nl0shtirilg0n n0rEl0rd0 s>tilg0nd0, E0rid>rl0r o rt0sid0 r0q>b0t kuch0yadi. R0q>b0t f0q0t milliy b>z>rd0 em0s, b0lki j0h>n b>z>rid0 h0m bo l0di. J0h>n b>z>rid0gi r0q>b0t quyid0gi jih0tl0r bil0n 0jr0lib tur0di: g0r milliy b>z>rd0gi r0q>b0td0 ko pchilik s>tuvchil0r v0 ist5 m>lchil0r q0tn0shs0, j0h>n b>z>rid0gi r0q>b0td0 s0yl0ng0n, ya ni t0niqli v0 yirik firm0l0r ishtir>k et0di. g0r milliy b>z>rd0gi r0q>b0td0 >ddiy E0rid>r-ist5 m>lchi q0tn0shs0, j0h>n b>z>rid0gi kur0shd0 u ishtir>k etm0ydi. Milliy b>z>rd0gi r0q>b0td0 d0vl0t h5ch kimning yonini >lm0sd0n, E>lislik, b5t0r0flik siyos0tini >lib b>r0di, j0h>n b>z>rid0gi r0q>b0td0 es0 d0vl0t o z milliy firm0l0rig0 yord0m b5r0di. SHu o rind0 M.P>rt5rning  R0q>b0t 0fz0llikl0ri n0z0riyasi E0lq0r> b>z>rd0 t0shqi s0vd>ning m>hiyatini yoritib b5rishg0 q0r0tilg0n n0z0riy q0r0shl0rd0n biri s0n0l0di. Ushbu n0z0riyag0 ko r0, E0lq0r> b>z>rd0 m0ml0k0tl0r em0s, b0lki firm0l0r r0q>b0tl0sh0dil0r. SHu s0b0bli firm0 r0q>b0t 0fz0llikl0rini q0nd0y sh0kll0ntirishi v0 und0 m0ml0k0tning r>lini 0niql0sh muhim 0h0miyatg0 eg0. %0lq0r> 0lm0shuvd0 m0ml0k0tning r0q>b0tb0rd>shlik d0r0j0sig0  r0q>b0tb0rd>shlik r>mbi d5b 0t0luvchi, to rtt0 bir-birig0 b>g liq kuyid0gi >mill0r t0 sir ko rs0t0di: Ishl0b chiq0rish >mill0ri sh0r>itl0ri (m0ml0k0td0 0s>siy ishl0b chiq0rish >mill0rining m0vjudligi). Miqyos s0m0r0sini k5ltirib chiq0ruchi ichki t0l0b sh0r>itl0ri. Bir-birig0 b>g liq v0 bir-birini qo ll>vchi t0rm>ql0rning (kl0st5rl0rning) m0vjudligi. Firm0 str0t5giyasi v0 uning ichki t0rm>q r0q>b0tid0gi o rni. B>z>rd0 r0q>b0t b5v>sit0 yuz b5rs0, b>z>rd0n t0shq0rid0, Eusus0n ishl0b chiq0rishd0 ung0 h>zirlik ko ril0di, r0q>b0td0 g >lib chiqish ch>r0-t0dbirl0ri 0m0lg0 >shiril0di. Ishl0b chiq0rishni r0q>b0tg0 h>zirl0sh u 5rd0 b>z>rb>p, r0q>b0tb0rd>sh t>v0rl0r ishl0b chiq0rishni bildir0di. R0q>b0t kur0shid0 ishl0b chiq0rishd0gi n>v0tsiya 0l>hid0 0h0mitg0 eg0 bo l0di, bu es0 o z n0vb0tid0 inv5stitsi>n f0>llikni t0l0b qil0di. Shu o rind0 iqtis>diy j0r0yonl0rd0 r0q>b0t kur0shi d0r0j0sini 0niql0sh XX 0srning 60-yill0rid0 0m5rik0lik iqtis>dchi R. V5rn>n ilg0ri surg0n m0hsul>tni j>riy etishd0n, t> uni ishl0b chiq0rishd0n >lib t0shl0shg0ch0 bo lg0n d0vrni o z ichig0 >luvchi  M0hsul>tning h0yot sikli n0z0riyasig0 b>g liq d5yish m0qs0dg0 muv>fiq, d5b his>bl0ymiz.  H0yot sikli to rt f0z0ni o z ichig0 >lib u j>riy etish, o sish, pishib-5tilish v0 p0s0yishd0n ib>r0t. Bund0: -yangi m0hsul>tni o zl0shtirish, j>riy etish f0z0si, bu f0z0g0 ishl0b chiq0ril0yotg0n m0hsul>tl0r n0rEining yuq>riligi v0 s>tish h0jmining unch0lik k0tt0 bo lm0sligi E0r0kt5rlidir; -o sish f0z0si, bund0 ishl0b chiq0rish h0jmining >rtishi, t0l0bning o sishi, yuq>ri n0rEl0rning s0ql0nishi kuz0til0di; -pishib-5tilish f0z0si, bu f0z0d0 m0hsul>t ishl0b chiq0rish h0jmi m0ksim0l d0r0j0g0 5t0di, t0l0bning to yinishi n0tij0sid0 n0rEning p0s0yishi kuz0til0di; -p0s0yish f0z0si, bu f0z0d0 m0hsul>tg0 bo lg0n t0l0b minim0l d0r0j0g0ch0 tush0di, ishl0b chiq0rish h0jmi k0m0yadi, r0q>b0t d0r0j0si so n0 b>shl0ydi, m0hsul>tning k0tt0 qismi ishl0b chiq0rishd0n >lib t0shl0n0di v0 ul0r yangil0ri bil0n 0lm0shtiril0di. Yuq>rid0 q0yd qiling0n sikl q0nch0lik t5z 0lm0shib turs0, r0q>b0t d0r0j0si h0m shunch0lik yuq>ri d0r0j0d0 k5ch0yotg0nligini 0ngl0sh mumkin. %o j0lik yurituvchi sub 5ktl0r o rt0sid0 r0q>b0tni t0shkil etishd0 r0q>b0tg0 t0 sir etuvchi iqtis>diy usull0rd0n t0shq0ri n>iqtis>diy, ya ni ruEs0t etilm0g0n usull0rning m0vjudligini n0z0rd0 tutish z0rur. Bund0y f0>liyat ilmiy 0d0biyotl0rd0  n>ins>f r0q>b0t , d5b 0t0l0di. Uning E0r0kt5rli b5lgil0ri: -r0qibl0ri h0qid0 n>0niq yoki yolg >n m0 lum>tl0rni t0rq0tish; -ist5 m>lchil0rg0 m0hsul>t t0yyorl0sh j>yi v0 uning sif0ti, t0rkibi, E0r0kt5ri h0qid0 n>to g ri m0 lum>tl0r 5tk0zish; -r0qibi bo lg0n firm0 n>mid0n, t>v0r b5lgisid0n n>q>nuniy f>yd0l0nish; -sif0t t0l0bl0rig0 j0v>b b5rm0ydig0n t>v0rl0rni r5kl0m0 qilish; -ilmiy-t5Enik0viy, ishl0b chiq0rish yoki b>shq0 sir tutil0dig0n m0 lum>tl0rni >shk>r0 etish yoki o zb>shimch0lik bil0n f>yd0l0nish. T0riE0n q0r0g0nd0 b>z>r r0q>b0ti 4 t0 b>sqichd0 riv>jl0nib k5lg0n: Birinchi b>sqich  bu n0tur0l Eo j0likd0n b>z>r iqtis>diyotining d0stl0bki sh0kll0rig0 o tish bo lib, bu d0vrd0 r0q>b0t m0yd0 t>v0r ishl0b chiq0ruvchil0r o rt0sid0 b>r0di. Bu b>sqichd0 r0q>b0t m0h0lliy b>z>rl0r d>ir0sid0 bo lib, r0q>b0td0 0s>s0n bir turd0gi t>v0r ishl0b chiq0ruvchil0r q0tn0sh0dil0r. Ikkinchi b>sqich  bu k0pit0listik erkin r0q>b0t b>sqichi bo lib, t>v0r Eo j0ligi >mm0viy tus >lishi bil0n m0yd0 t>v0r ishl0b chiq0rish o rnig0 yirik m0shin0l0shg0n v0 yoll0ng0n m5hn0tg0 t0yang0n t>v0r ishl0b chiq0rishning k5lishi bil0n E0r0kt5rl0n0di. R0q>b0t erkin, h5ch q0nd0y ch5kl0shl0rsiz kur0shg0 0yl0n0di v0 bu kur0sh m0h0lliy b>z>r d>ir0sid0n chiqib, milliy b>z>r miqyosid0 yuz b5r0di. R0q>b0t shidd0tli b>r0di, uning ishtir>kchil0ri ko pchilikd0n ib>r0t bo l0di. R0q>b0td0 g >lib chiqishning sh0rti yangi t5Enik0ni j>riy etib, m5hn0t unumd>rligini o stirish, yangi t>v0rl0rni ishl0b chiq0rish bo l0di. Uchinchi b>sqich  bu m>n>p>l r0q>b0t b>sqichi bo lib, u yakk0 h>kimlikk0 intiluvchi yirik k>rE>n0l0rning kur0shidir. R0q>b0t m>n>p>ll0shg0n v0 m>n>p>ll0shm0g0n s>h0l0rd0 0l>hid0 b>r0di, 0mm> bu s>h0l0r o rt0sid0 h0m kur0sh k5t0di. Bu b>sqichd0 m>n>p>l r0q>b0t 5t0kchi bo ls0d0, erkin r0q>b0t yo q>lib k5tm0ydi. Iqtis>diyotd0 m>n>p>l r0q>b0t s>h0si v0 erkin r0q>b0t s>h0l0rig0 0jr0lish bo l0di. To rtinchi b>sqich  yangich0 erkin r0q>b0t b>sqichi bo lib, u 0r0l0sh iqtis>diyotg0 E>sdir. Bu b>sqichd0 r0q>b0tchil0r g >yat ko p bo lib yirik k>rp>r0tsiyal0r, o rt0, m0yd0 v0 o t0 m0yd0 k>rE>n0l0rd0n ib>r0t. R0q>b0t d>ir0si o t0 k5ng0yib, u ishl0b chiq0rishd0n t0shq0ri, Eizm0t ko rs0tish s>h0sid0 h0m f0>ll0sh0di. R0q>b0t m>liya b>z>ri, s0yoh0t bizn5si, sh>u bizn5si, sp>rt bizn5si, h0rbiy bizn5sni h0m o z d>mig0 t>rt0di v0 h0tt> r0q>b0tl0shuv E0lq0r> b>z>r d>ir0sid0 yuz b5r0di. Bu b>sqichd0 yangi t5Enik0-t5En>l>giyani qo ll0sh, t>v0r t0rkibini zudlik bil0n yangil0sh, b>shq0rishni k>mpLyut5rl0shtirish, eng m0l0k0li ishchi kuchig0 eg0 bo lish, m0rk5ting Eizm0tini uyushtirish v0 inf>rm0tsiyad0n f>yd0l0nish k0bil0r r0q>b0td0 5ngib chiqish sh0rtig0 0yl0n0di. R0q>b0t str0t5giyasi. R0q>b0tning turl0ri v0 sh0kll0ri R0q>b0t muq0rr0r bo lg0nid0n uning ishtir>kchil0ri bung0 t0yyor bo lib turish0di. H0r bir ishtir>kchi uning r0qibi nim0 qil0 >lishini bilishg0 v0 bung0 q0rshi ch>r0 ko rishg0 intil0di. Bul0r firm0ning r0q>b0t str0t5giyasid0 o z o rnini t>p0di. R0q>b0t str0t5giyasi-firm0ning o z f0>liyati d0v>mid0 b>z>rd0 muqim o rin eg0l0shi >rq0li mij>zl0rini ko p0ytirishg0, o zi uchun qul0y n0rEl0rd0 ko p miqd>rd0 t>v0rl0rni s>tish >rq0li m0ksim0l f>yd0 >lishg0 q0r0tilg0n uz>q mudd0tg0 mo lj0ll0ng0n yo l-yo riq, q>nun-q>id0l0ri m0jmu0sidir. Bund0 r0q>b0tl0shuvchi firm0 b>z>rg0 q0nd0y t>v0rni, q0nd0y miqd>rd0 v0 q0ysi v0qtd0 chiq0rishini b5lgil0b >l0di. T>v0rl0rning r0q>b0tg0 chid0mli bo lishi firm0 g 0l0b0sining 0s>siy sh0rti his>bl0n0di. Firm0ning r0q>b0tb0rd>shligini uning t>v0rining sif0ti v0 n0rEi jih0tid0n b>z>rb>p bo lishini b5lgil0ydi. SHuning uchun firm0 str0t5giyasid0 r0q>b0tb0rd>sh t>v0rl0rni ishl0b chiq0rish, b>z>rni eg0ll0shg0 0l>hid0 e tib>r b5rish muhim o rin tur0di. R0q>b0tb0rd>shlik t>v0r q0dr- qimm0ti yuq>ri bo lishini bildir0di, ya ni uning n0rEi v0 sif0tining m>sligini t0l0b qil0di. SHu m>slik m0vjud bo lg0nd0 t>v0rni E0rid>r 0fz0l ko r0di, u t5z s>til0di. N0tij0d0 uni ishl0b chiq0ruvchi b5ll0shuvd0n yutib chiq0di. Firm0ning str0t5giyasid0 r0q>b0tl0shuv 0fz0l ko rilg0nd0 uning turli usull0ri sh0r>itg0 q0r0b h0r Eil h>l0tl0rd0 qo ll0nil0di. N0rE bil0n r0q>b0tl0shuv ko zd0 tutilg0nd0, uni q0ch>n v0 q0nd0y t0rzd0 o zg0rtirib b>rish b5lgil0b >lin0di. Shuningd5k, E0rid>rl0r qurbig0, t>v0rl0rni ul0r uchun o t0 z0rur bo lishi yoki bo lm0sligig0 q0r0b n0rEl0r bir-birid0n f0rql0ntiril0di, chunki E0rid>r n0rEni yaEshi q0bul qils0, t>v0rl0rning s>tilish h0jmi >rt0di. R0q>b0t st0t5giyasid0 r5kl0m0g0 k0tt0 e tib>r b5ril0di, chunki bu E0rid>rg0 t0 sir etishning s0m0r0li usuli his>bl0n0di. B>z>rd0 t>v0rl0rning s>tilishi h0jmi r5kl0m0 s0rfig0 to g ri b>g liqlikd0 bo l0di, ya ni r5kl0m0 s0rfi >shg0n s0ri s>tilish h0jmi h0m ko p0yadi. R0q>b0t str0t5giyasid0 firm0 f0>liyat ko rs0t0dig0n b>z>rning E0r0kt5ri his>big0 >lin0di. Bund0 b>z>rning muk0mm0l yoki n>muk0mm0l bo lishi, uning d>imiyligi yoki m0vsumiyligi, b>z>rning q0ysi t>if0g0 m0nsubligi, b>z>rning h0jmi k0bil0r n0z0rd0 tutil0di, chunki shung0 q0r0b t0nl0ng0n kur0sh usuli r0q>b0td0 g >lib chiqish imk>nini b5r0di. Shuni t0 kidl0sh l>zimki, r0q>b0t str0t5giyasid0 firm0l0r o z r0qibl0rning ko p0yishid0n m0nf00td>r bo lm0ydil0r, shuning uchun ul0r il>ji b>rich0 o z b>z>rig0 o zg0l0rni kiritm0slik ch>r0l0rini qo ll0ydil0r. yniqs0, bu n>muk0mm0l r0q>b0tli b>z>rg0 E>s bo l0di. Bu 5rd0gi firm0l0r m>n>p>l m0vq5ni s0ql0b q>lish uchun f0>liyat turig0 ruEs0t b5ruvchi lits5nziyal0rni s>tib >l0dil0r. N0tij0d0 b>shq0l0r bu f0>liyat bil0n shug ull0n0 >lm0ydil0r. Ilmiy-t5Enik0viy yangilikl0rni m>n>p>ll0shtirib, b>shq0l0rni bul0rd0n m0hrum et0dil0r. Umum0n r0q>b0t str0t5giyasid0 b>z>r uchun kur0shning to Et>vsiz b>rishi, uning ishtir>kchil0ri d>ir0sining yangil0nib turishi, b5ll0shuv usull0rning turlich0 bo lishi v0 ul0rd0n eng m0qbulini t0nl0b >lish z0rurligi his>bg0 >lin0di. Firm0ning str0t5giyasid0 r0q>b0tl0shuv 0fz0l ko rilg0n uning turli usull0ri sh0r>itg0 q0r0b h0r Eil k>mbin0tsiyad0 qo ll0nil0di. Bund0y usull0rg0 n0rE bil0n r0q>b0tl0shuv, sif0t bil0n r0q>b0tl0shuv, s5rvis bil0n r0q>b0tl0shuv k0bil0r kir0di. Erkin r0q>b0t d0vrid0 r0qibl0r kur0shining ikki 0s>siy sh0kli 0m0l qil0di. Ya ni, t0rm>q ichid0gi v0 t0rm>ql0r0r> r0q>b0t. T0rm>q ichid0gi r0q>b0t bir t0rm>qq0 kir0dig0n k>rE>n0l0r o rt0sid0 t>v0rl0rni ishl0b chiq0rish v0 s>tishning qul0y sh0r>itl0ri v0 yaEshi f>yd0 >lish uchun kur0shni bildir0di. H0r q0nd0y t0rm>qq0 kir0dig0n k>rE>n0l0rning t5Enik v0 m5hn0t unumd>rligi d0r0j0l0ri turlich0 bo lg0nligi s0b0bli, ul0r ishl0b chiq0r0yotg0n t>v0rl0rning individu0l qiym0ti h0m h0r Eil bo l0di. Bir>q t>v0r Eo j0ligid0 qiym0t q>nunining 0m0l qilish s0b0bli t0rm>q ichid0gi r0q>b0t n0tij0sid0 individu0l qiym0ti ijtim>iy-z0ruriy qiym0tg0 t5ng bo lib b>r0di. Bund0 q0ysi firm0ning ishl0b chiq0r0yotg0n t>v0rining individu0l qiym0ti, ijtim>iy-z0ruriy qiym0td0n k0m bo ls0, r0q>b0td0 yutib chiqish imk>nig0 eg0 bo l0di. ksinch0 h>l0t yuz b5rg0nd0 es0, r0q>b0td0 m0g lub bo l0di. T0rm>q ichid0gi r0q>b0td0 k0pit0lning yirikl0shuvi n0tij0sid0 firm0ning ishl0b chiq0rish h0jmi >rt0 b>r0di. T0rm>ql0r0r> r0q>b0t- turli t0rm>q k>rE>n0, firm0l0ri o rt0sid0 eng yuq>ri f>yd0 >lish uchun >lib b>ril0dig0n kur0shdir. T0rm>ql0r0r> r0q>b0t kur0shid0 k0pit0lni yaEshi f>yd0 k5ltir0dig0n s>h0l0rg0 j>yl0shtirish uchun kur0sh >lib b>ril0di. Q0y5rd0 f>yd0 m5 yori ko p bo ls0, shu 5rg0 k0pit0l >qib o t0di, chunki u 5rd0 yuq>ri f>yd0 >lish mumkin. Yuq>ri f>yd0 >lish uchun kur0sh t0dbirk>rl0rni o z s0rm>yal0rini f>yd0 m5 yori k0m t0rm>qd0n f>yd0 m5 yori ko p t0rm>qq0 ko chirishg0 m0jbur qil0di. Yuq>ri f>yd0 b5ruvchi t0rm>qq0 b>shq0 t0rm>ql0rd0n k0pit0ll0rning >qib k5lishi n0tij0sid0 bu t0rm>qd0 ishl0b chiq0rish k5ng0yadi v0 t0klif ko p0yadi, b>z>r to yin0di. N0tij0d0 yuq>ri f>yd0li t0rm>q k>rE>n0l0ri f>yd0si b0r>b0rl0shib b>r0di, und0 f>yd0 n>rm0sining p0s0yish t5nd5ntsiyasi q>nuni t0 siri qil0di. N0tij0d0 t0rm>ql0r0r> r0q>b0t >b 5ktiv r0vishd0 q0nd0ydir m5 yorli muv>z0n0tni k5ltirib chiq0r0di. Bu muv>z0n0t k0pit0l q05rg0 s0rfl0ng0nligid0n q0t iy n0z0r, t5ng k0pit0l uchun t5ng f>yd0 >linishig0 intilishni t0 minl0ydi. T0rm>ql0r0r> r0q>b0t >rq0li k0pit0l q0ysi t0rm>qq0 s>linm0sin, Euddi shu t0rm>q f>yd0 n>rm0l0rini o rt0ch0 f>yd0 n>rm0sig0 t5ngl0shtir0di. R0q>b0t und0 ishtir>k etuvchil0rning s>ni, m0vq5i, iqtis>diyotg0 t0 siri, kur0sh usull0rig0 q0r0b turl0n0di. B>z>r tizimid0 ikki Eil r0q>b0t bo lib, bul0r muk0mm0l v0 n>muk0mm0l r0q>b0tdir. R0q>b0t Eill0ri           Muk0mm0l r0q>b0t  bu erkin b>z>rd0gi ko pchilikd0n ib>r0t s>tuvchil0r v0 E0rid>rl0rning h0r biri ch5kl0nm0g0n h>ld0 b>z>r q>nun-q>id0l0rig0 bin>0n v0 bir Eil usul bil0n >lib b>ril0dig0n r0q>b0tdir. Bu t0bi0t0n s>f r0q>b0t his>bl0n0di, chunki u h5ch q0nd0y ch5kl0nishl0rsiz yuz b5r0di. Und0 iEtiyoriy r0vishd0 mutl0q> must0qil ish ko r0yotg0n s>tuvchil0r v0 E0rid>rl0r q0tn0sh0di. Uning bir n5ch0 0s>siy b5lgisi m0vjud: R0q>b0tl0shuvchil0r >zchilik em0s, b0lki ko pchilik bo l0di. M0s0l0n, d5hq>n b>z>rl0rid0 E0rid>rl0r h0m, s>tuvchil0r h0m ko p, ul0r bir-birini erkin t0nl0ydi. R0q>b0tchil0r bir turd0gi t>v0rni b>z>rg0 t0klif et0dil0r, shu b>is ul0r E0rid>r uchun kur0sh0dil0r. M0s0l0n, n>n b>z>rid0 n>vv>yl0r f0q0t n>nni t0klif et0dil0r, ul0rning E0rid>ri h0m bir Eil, shu s0b0bli n>nni E0rid>rg0 ko pr>q s>tish uchun kur0sh0dil0r. R0q>b0td0 q0tn0shish iEtiyoriy, chunki b>z>rg0 o z t>v0ri bil0n E>hl0g0n v0qtd0 kirib k5lishi v0 und0n chiqib k5tishi mumkin. R0q>b0tl0shuvchil0r mij>zl0rg0 v0 b>z>r n0rEl0rining sh0kl0nishig0 nisb0t0n t5ng kuchli m0vq5g0 eg0 bo l0di. Ul0rning bir>rt0si m>n>p>l m0vq5ig0 eg0 bo lm0ydi. Bu r0q>b0t turining bir q0t>r 0fz0llik v0 k0mchilikl0ri b>r. fz0llikl0ri: j0miyat uchun z0rur bo lg0n t>v0rl0rni ishl0b chiq0rishd0 r5sursl0rd0n o t0 s0m0r0li f>yd0l0nish imk>nini b5r0di; ishl0b chiq0rish sh0r>itl0rining o zg0rishig0 t5z m>sl0shish v0 uni t5z ilg 0b >lish imk>nini b5r0di; yangi t>v0rl0r turini yar0tish s>h0sid0 f0n-t5Enik0 yutuql0rid0n muq>bil f>yd0l0nish, yangi t5Enik0-t5En>l>giyal0rni j>riy etish, ishl0b chiq0rishni b>shq0rish v0 t0shkil etishning eng s0m0r0li usull0rini ishl0b chiqishg0 sh0r>it yar0t0di; ishl0b chiq0ruchil0r v0 E0rid>rl0rning bir-birini erkin t0nl0shl0rini t0 minl0ydi; ishl0b chiq0ruvchil0rni turli-tum0n ehtiyojl0rni q>ndirishg0 v0 t>v0r v0 Eizm0tl0rning sif0tini >shirishg0 und0ydi. K0mchilikl0ri: - 0tr>f-muhit muh>f0z0sig0 s0lbiy t0 sir ko rs0t0di; - q0yt0 tikl0nm0ydig0n r5sursl0r s0ql0nishig0 imk>n yar0tm0ydi (o rm>nl0r, yovv>yi h0yv>nl0r, 5r >sti b>ylikl0ri, d5ngiz v0 >k50nl0r): - j0m>0 bo lib f>yd0l0nil0dig0n t>v0r v0 Eizm0tl0r ishl0b chiq0rishni riv>jl0ntirishni t0 minl0m0ydi (to g >nl0r, yo ll0r, j0m>0t tr0nsp>rti); - umumiy t0 lim tizimi, fund0m5nt0l f0nl0r, sh0h0r Eo j0ligining ko p t>m>nl0ri riv>jl0nishig0 sh0r>it yar0tm0ydi; - m5hn0t qilish, d0r>m0d >lish, d0m >lish huquqini k0f>l0tl0m0ydi. B>z>r iqtis>diyotid0 n>muk0mm0l r0q>b0t m>n>p>liyal0rning m0vjudligid0n k5lib chiq0di. N>muk0mm0l r0q>b0t-bu m>n>p>liyal0r b>z>rid0 >zchilikd0n ib>r0t s>tuvchil0r v0 E0rid>rl0rning ch5kl0ng0n t0rzd0 v0 Eilm0-Eil usull0r bil0n yuz b5r0dig0n r0q>b0tdir. M>n>p>liyal0r b>z>ri erkin b>z>r em0s, chunki bu 5rd0 >zchilik yirik firm0l0r t>v0rl0rni ishl0b chiq0rish v0 s>tishning 0s>siy qismini o z qo lid0 to pl0b >lib, b>z>rd0 hukmr>nlik qil0dil0r. Ul0rning r0q>b0ti n>muk0mm0l his>bl0n0di, chunki u m0 lum d0r0j0d0 ch5kl0ng0n bo l0di. N>muk0mm0l r0q>b0t m>n>p>listik r0q>b0t, >lig>p>listik, du>p>liya, s>f m>n>p>listik v0 m>n>ps>niya sh0r>itid0gi r0q>b0tl0rg0 bo lin0di. M>n>p>listik r0q>b0td0 ko p s>nli, l5kin unch0 yirik bo lm0g0n, 0yn0n bir Eil bo lm0s0-d0, o Esh0sh t>v0rl0rni E0rid>rl0rg0 t0klif qil0dig0n firm0l0r r0q>b0tl0sh0dil0r. Uning erkin r0q0b0td0n s5zil0rli f0rqi shuki, bu 5rd0 ishl0b chiq0ruvchil0r unch0 ko pchilik bo lm0ydi. H0r bir firm0 b>z>rning m0 lum bir qismini n0z>r0t qilg0ni uchun uning b>z>r n0rEig0 t0 siri ch5kl0ng0n bo l0di. Firm0l0r ishl0b chiq0rish h0jmini k0m0ytirish v0 n0rEni sun iy r0vishd0 ko t0rish to g risid0 m0Efiy bitimg0 k5lishi qiyin bo l0di. B>z>rd0 bund0y m0q>mg0 eg0 firm0l0rning s>ni 20-30 t0 bo lishi mumkin. lig>p>liya sh0r>itid0gi r0q>b0td0 >zchilik, l5kin g >yat yirik firm0l0r q0tn0sh0di, ul0r mu0yyan t0rm>qd0gi m0hsul>t ishl0b chiq0rish v0 s>tishni o z qo lid0 to pl0b >l0di. Ul0r b>z>rg0 birinchid0n, st0nd0rtl0shg0n, ya ni mu0yyan bir turd0gi m0hsul>tni, ikkinchid0n es0, t0b0q0l0shg0n m0hsul>tni t0klif et0dil0r. St0nd0rt m0hsul>tl0r r5sursl0rd0n, chun>nchi po l0t, yog >ch k0bil0rd0n ib>r0t bo l0di. T0b0q0l0shg0n m0hsul>tl0r 0s>s0n ist5 m>l buyuml0rid0n ib>r0t bo lib, bul0r 0vt>m>bill0r, m5b5lL, t5l5viz>rl0r, m0gnit>f>n, vid5>m0gnit>f>n, t5l5f>n 0pp0r0tl0ri v0 turli el5ktr 0sb>bl0rid0n ib>r0t bo l0di. Bu 5rd0 r0q>b0t sif0t v0 Eizm0t ko rs0tishni yaEshil0sh v>sit0sid0 b>r0di. B>z>rd0 bund0y m0q>mg0 eg0 k>mp0niyal0r 3-5 t0 bo lishi mumkin. lig>p>liya r0q>b0tig0 mis>l qilib  F>rd ,  Kr0ysl5r ,  T>y>t0 ,  %>nd0 ,  Niss0n ,  P5j> ,  p5lL ,  BMW ,  M5rs5d5s B5nts v0  AUDI k0bi yirik k>mp0niyal0rning 0vt>m>bil b>z>rid0gi kur0shini ko rs0tish mumkin. lig>p>liya b>z>rig0 kirib b>rish yo lid0 bir q0t>r to siql0r m0vjud: Bu 5rg0 kirib, o rn0shib >lish uchun k0tt0 k0pit0l k5r0k, bu es0, ko pchilikd0 bo lm0ydi. T0biiy r5sursl0r 0yrim k>mp0niyal0r qo lid0 to pl0nib q>lg0nid0n, ul0r o zg0l0rg0 n0sib etm0ydi. Ilmiy-t5Enik0viy yangilikl0r 0yrim k>mp0niyal0r m>n>p>liyasig0 0yl0nib q>l0di, shu s0b0bli ul0rd0n b>shk0l0rning b0hr0m0nd bo lishi qiyin. M0s0l0n, 0vt>m>bil k>mp0niyal0ri o z t5Enik yangilikl0rini sir tutib, b>shq0l0rg0 b5rm0ydi. lig>p>liyad0 bir t>m>nd0n, firm0l0r bitimg0 k5lishs0, ikkinchi t>m>nd0n r0q>b0tl0sh0di. Ul0r k5lishg0n h>ld0 ishl0b chiq0rish h0jmini qisq0rtirish v0 yuq>ri n0rE o rn0tishg0 intil0dil0r. Bir>q, ul0rd0n h0r biri o zim bil0m0n, d5b f>yd0ni ko p0ytirishg0 intilib, r0q>b0t yo lig0 o t0di. lig>p>liya t0bi0tining ikkiyoql0m0ligini du>p>liya ko rs0t0di. Du>p>liya  ikki firm0 hukmr>nligi bo lib, >lig>p>liyaning s>dd0 ko rinishidir. H0mk>rlik z0rur0ti ikki firm0ni bitimg0 k5lib, k0rt5l h>sil etishini bildir0di. Bund0 ikki t>m>nd0n h0r biri q0nch0 t>v0r ishl0b chiq0rishi v0 n5ch0 puld0n s>tishini b5lgil0b >l0di. SHung0 erishilg0nd0 Nesh0 muv>z0n0ti h>sil bo l0di. Bung0 ko r0 shund0y v0ziyat m0vjud bo lishi z0rurki, h0r bir r0q>b0tchi k5l0j0kd0 nim0 qilishini, b>shq0l0r nim0 qilishini his>bg0 >lib b5lgil0ydi. lig>p>liya m>n>p>liya sing0ri ishl0b chiq0rish h0jmini ch5kl0ydi, l5kin uning n0rEi s>f m>n>p>liya n0rEid0n p0str>q, 0mm> erkin b>z>r n0rEid0n yuq>ri bo l0di. lig>p>listik firm0l0r bitimg0 k5lishm0y, must0qil yo l tutishg0nd0, ul0r birinchid0n, b>z>rd0gi o z ulushini ko p0ytirishg0 m>yil bo l0di. CHunki qo shimch0 t>v0r s>tish qo shimch0 f>yd0 k5ltir0di. Ikkinchid0n, ul0r t0klifni ko p0ytirishs0, n0rE p0s0yib, f>yd0 k0m0yib k5t0di. Bu s0b0bl0rg0 ko r0, firm0l0r ishl0b chiq0rish h0jmini bir m5 yord0 tutib turish >rq0li yuq>ri n0rEni s0ql0b q>lishg0 intil0dil0r. S>f m>n>p>liya sh0r>itid0gi r0q>b0t ishl0b chiq0ruvchil0r o rt0sid0 bo lm0ydi, b0lki ul0r r5surs E0rid>rl0ri bo lg0nd0 p0yd> bo l0di. S>f m>n>p>liya, d5g0ni ishl0b chiq0rish v0 t>v0rl0r t0klifini yag>n0, h5ch bir r0qibi yo q k>mp0niya qo lid0 bo lishini bildir0di. M>n>ps>niya sh0r>itid0 mu0yyan t>v0r v0 Eizm0tl0r b>z>rid0 yag>n0 E0rid>r bo lg0nid0n ishl0b chiq0ruvchil0r uning pulini >lish uchun r0q>b0tl0sh0di, chunki ul0r >ldid0 E0rid>r t0nl0sh imk>niyati bo lm0ydi. M>n>ps>niyag0 mis>l qilib  D5 Birs ni (J0nubiy frik0) >lish mumkin. Bu k>mp0niya dunyod0 q0zib >lin0dig0n >lm>sl0rning g >yat k0tt0 qismini q0yt0 ishl0b brilli0ntg0 0yl0ntir0di v0 s>t0di. Dunyod0gi h0mm0 >lm>s k>nl0rining eg0l0ri  D5 Birs pulini >lish uchun r0q>b0tl0sh0di. Bir s>h0ning o zid0 h0r Eil r0q>b0t m0vjud bo l0di, shuning uchun muk0mm0l v0 n>muk0mm0l r0q>b0t m5z>nl0rig0 to l0 j0v>b b5r0 >l0dig0n b>z>rl0rni uchr0tish qiyin. Bir>q shund0y b>z>rl0r h0m b>rki, ul0r muk0mm0l r0q>b0t t0l0bl0rig0 b>shq0l0rd0n ko r0 ko pr>q m>s k5l0di. Mis>l uchun, qishl>q Eo j0lik m0hsul>tl0ri b>z>rini >lish mumkin. R50l h0yotd0 r0q>b0t turl0ri chirm0shib v0 tut0shib k5tg0n t0rzd0 uchr0ydi, bir s>h0ning o zid0 ul0r yonm0-yon tur0dil0r. R0q>b0t usull0ri. H0l>l v0 g irr>m r0q>b0t R0q>b0t kur0shining t0riE0n sh0kll0ng0n v0 j0miyat t0n >lg0n usull0ri m0vjudki, bul0r h0l>l v0 g irr>m r0q>b0td0n ib>r0tdir. H0l>l r0q>b0t yuz b5rg0nd0, uning ruEs0t etilg0n v0 r0qibl0r m0 qull0g0n usull0ri qo ll0nil0di. Bul0r h>zirgi tsiviliz0tsiyal0shg0n b>z>r iqtis>diyotig0 E>sdir. Bul0r juml0sig0 n0rE bil0n, sif0t bil0n, s5rvis bil0n v0 nih>yat r5kl0m0 v>sit0sid0 r0q>b0tl0shuv kir0di. R0q>b0t usull0ri        N0rE bil0n r0q>b0tl0shuv-n0rEni o zg0rtirish >rq0li E0rid>rni o zig0 r>m qilib >lish v0 r0qibini shund0y yo l bil0n b>z>rd0n siqib chiq0rishni bildir0di. N0rEni o zg0rtirish ikki yo l bil0n >lib b>ril0di: N0rEni tushirish. Bund0 t>v0rl0r b>shq0l0rnikid0n 0rz>nr>q n0rEd0 s>til0di, n0tij0d0 bir t>v0rni s>tishd0n k5lg0n pul tushumi qisq0r0di. L5kin s>tish h0jmi >rtg0nid0n yalpi tushum ko p0yadi. Bir>q, n0rEni ch5ksiz tushurib bo lm0ydi. Shu s0b0bli, ishl0b chiq0rishd0gi v0 s0vd>-s>tiqd0gi E0r0j0tl0r qisq0rtilg0n sh0r>itd0 n0rEl0r 0rz>nl0shtiril0di. N0rEni tushirish usuli ko pr>q >mm0viy ist5 m>l t>v0rl0ri b>z>rid0 qo ll0nil0di. Chunki bu 5rd0 pulining miqd>ri ch5kl0ng0n E0rid>rl0r q0tn0sh0di, ul0r yuq>ri n0rEni m0 qul ko rm0ydi. N0rEni >shirish usuli puld>rl0r q0tn0sh0dig0n b>z>rd0 qo ll0nil0di. Puld>rl0r pulning b5tig0 q0r0m0y, k5r0kli t>v0rni E0rid qil0dil0r. yniqs0, bu >bro t0l0b t>v0rl0rg0 E>s bo l0di. Puld>rl0rg0 t>v0rl0rning n0rEid0n ko r0, uning eg0si bo lish muhim his>bl0n0di. Nufuzli t>v0rl0r b>z>rid0 n0rEning >rtishi t>v0r sif0tining yuq>riligi d5b q0bul qilin0di. SHu b>is r0q>b0td0 n0rEni >shirishg0 qo l uril0di. Bu usul n>yob r5sursl0r b>z>rid0 h0m qo ll0nil0di. N>yob r5sursl0rg0, m0s0l0n, >lm>sg0 eg0 bo lish uchun E0rid>r firm0l0r yuq>ri n0rEl0rg0 h0m r>zi bo lish0di. Sif0t bil0n r0q>b0tl0shuv. Bu usul b>z>rg0 sif0ti yuq>ri, E0rid>r uchun n0fliligi k0tt0 t>v0rl0rni chiq0rishni bildir0di, shund0y yo l bil0n r0qibg0 q0rshi turil0di. Bu usul sif0tli t>v0rl0r b>z>rid0 qo ll0nil0di. Bund0y b>z>rl0r b>y m0ml0k0tl0rg0 E>s bo l0di. Chunki bu 5rd0 0h>li d0r>m0di yuq>ri bo lib, uning qimm0t bo ls0d0, sif0tli t>v0rl0r E0rid qilishg0 puli 5t0rli bo l0di. Sif0t bil0n r0q>b0tl0shuvni yirik k>mp0niyal0r qo ll0ydi. Chunki ul0rning t>v0r sif0tini >shirish bil0n b>g liq ishl0rg0 puli 5t0rli bo l0di. Kichik firm0l0r es0, m0bl0g i k0mligi s0b0bli, buning udd0sid0n chiq0 >lm0g0nid0n n0rE bil0n r0q>b0tl0shuvd0n q0n>0t h>sil et0dil0r. Qo shimch0 s5rvis (Eizm0t) ko rs0tish bil0n r0q>b0tl0shuv. Bu usul qo ll0nilg0nd0 E0rid>rg0 u s>tib >lg0n t>v0r yuz0sid0n b5pul yoki imtiyozli Eizm0t ko rs0til0di. Bu usul >d0td0 uz>q mudd0t Eizm0t qiluvchi t>v0rl0r b>z>rid0 qo ll0nil0di. Firm0l0r t>v0rni E0rid>r uyig0 b5pul 5tk0zib b5r0dil0r, t>v0rl0rni s>zl0b b5r0dil0r, ul0rni z0rur bo ls0 t0 mirl0b v0 h0tt> sug urt0l0b b5r0dil0r. Firm0l0r o z t>v0rl0rining ist5 m>lig0 0l>q0si yo q Eizm0tl0rni h0m ko rs0t0dil0r. M0s0l0n, sup5rm0rk5tg0 k5lg0n E0rid>r s0m>lyotg0 chipt0 buyurishi, s0yyohlik uchun o rin s>tib >lishi, b>shq0 t>v0rl0r uchun buyurtm0 b5rishi mumkin. R5kl0m0 v>sit0sid0 r0q>b0tl0shuv. Firm0l0r o z t>v0rl0rig0 E0rid>r e tib>rini j0lb etish uchun ul0rni r5kl0m0 v>sit0sid0 ko z-ko z qil0dil0r, o z t>v0rining 0fz0llikl0rini E0rid>rg0 5tk0z0dil0r. Ul0r r5kl0m0 uchun pulni 0yam0ydil0r. Chunki bu r0q>b0td0 5ngib chiqish imk>nini b5r0di. R5kl0m0 g >yat qimm0t bo lg0nid0n, und0n r0q>b0t kur0shid0 yirik firm0l0r s0m0r0li f>yd0l0n0 >l0dil0r. Shuningd5k, b>z>r iqtis>diyotid0 r0q>b0tning g irr>m usull0ri h0m qo ll0nib turil0di. Bu usull0rg0 s0n>0t j>susligi, ya ni r0qibining m>liya r5j0l0ri, yangilik- n>u-E0u l0ri v0 b>shq0 sirl0rini o g irl0sh; r0qibini E>m-0shyo b0z0l0rid0n, tr0nsp>rtd0n m0hrum qilish; r0qib k>rE>n0sid0 div5rsiyal0r uyushtirish, >mm0viy 0Eb>r>t v>sit0l0rid0n r0qibi m0hsul>tl0rining >bro sini tushirish uchun f>yd0l0nish, r5k5tni ishg0 s>lish v0 h>k0z>l0r kir0di. Bu usull0r t0bi0t0n m0d0niy b>z>r iqtis>diyotig0 E>s em0s, ul0r m0n etil0di, uni qo l0g0nl0r imidjini yo q>t0di, ul0r q>nunchilik bil0n j0z>l0n0di. R0q>b0tchilik muhiti. O zb5kist>nd0 r0q>b0tchilik muhitini sh0kll0ntirish mu0mm>l0ri. D0vl0tning 0ntim>n>p>l siyos0ti R0q>b0t iqtis>diyotni h0r0k0tg0 k5ltirib, uning riv>jl0nishini t0 minl0shi uchun 5t0rli r0q>b0tchilik muhiti t0l0b qilin0di. R0q>b0tchilik muhiti-bu r0q>b0t uzluksiz v0 ch5kl0nm0g0n h>ld0 b>rishi uchun k5r0kli sh0rt-sh0r>itning m0vjudligidir. Bund0y muhit muk0mm0l r0q>b0tli b>z>rg0 E>s bo l0di. Uning 0s>siy b5lgil0ri quyid0gich0: -Eususiy mulk erkinligining m0vjudligi; -iqtis>diy t0nl>v erkinligining bo lishi; -n0rEl0rning erkin sh0kll0nishi; -iqtis>diy b5ll0shuv usull0rining, erkin t0nl0b >lish imk>niyatining b>rligi. %ul>s0 qilib 0ytg0nd0, r0q>b0tchilik muhiti-bu lib5r0l (erkin) iqtis>diy sh0r>itning bo lishidir. Shu s0b0bli O zb5kist>nd0  iqtis>diyotni erkinl0shtirish h0qiqiy r0q>b0t muhitini yar0tish bil0n uzviy b>g liqdir  d5b q0r0l0di. Iqtis>diyotd0 r0q>b0t muhitining sh0kll0nishi ko p jih0td0n mulkiy mun>s0b0tl0rni izchil o zg0rtirish sur 0tl0rig0 b>g liq bo l0di. D0vl0t mulki sh0klid0 bo lg0n ishl0b chiq0rish v>sit0l0rining ustuv>r o ring0 eg0ligi r0q>b0t riv>jl0nishini ch5kl0ydi. %ususiyl0shtirish j0r0yoni q0nch0lik t5z t0shkil qilins0, n>d0vl0t k>rE>n0l0rning b>z>rd0gi ulushi shunch0lik yuq>ri bo l0di v0 b>z>rning r0q>b0t m5E0nizmi s0m0r0lir>q ishl0ydi. R0q>b0t muhitig0 ziddiyatlilik E>s bo l0di. Birinchid0n, bu iqtis>diy erkinlikni bildir0di. Ikkinchid0n, erkinlik >b 5ktiv t0rzd0 m>n>p>ll0shuvni yuz0g0 k5ltir0diki, bu es0 r0q>b0tni ch5kl0b qo yadi. N0tij0d0 muk0mm0l r0q>b0td0n n>muk0mm0l r0q>b0t k5lib chiq0di. Iqtis>diyotd0gi m>n>p>ll0shuv t5nd5ntsiyasi r0q>b0tni ch5kl0g0nid0n, d0vl0t s>g l>m r0q>b0t muhitini yar0tishd0 f0>l ishtir>k et0di. Bung0 ikki yo l bil0n erishil0di: R0q>b0tl0shuvchi firm0l0r s0fining k5ng0yishig0 sh0r>it yar0til0di. D0vl0t turli b>z>rl0rg0 yangi firm0l0rning kirib k5lishig0 sh0r>it yar0tib b5r0di. B0rch0 firm0l0rning iqtis>diy must0qilligini q>nun yo li bil0n k0f>l0tl0ydi. ntim>n>p>l (m>n>p>liyag0 q0rshi) siyos0t yurgizil0di. D0vl0t 0ntim>n>p>l ch>r0-t0dbirl0rni qo ll0ydi. D0vl0t yangi firm0l0rning >chilish v0 yopilish t0rtibl0rini s>dd0l0shtir0di, ul0rni ro yE0tg0 >lishni 0rz>nl0shtir0di, ul0rni k>rruptsiyad0n (p>r0Eo rlikd0n) him>ya qil0di, h0mm0 r0q>b0tchil0r uchun bir Eil s>liql0r o rn0t0di, bir Eil ishl0sh t0rtibini j>riy et0di, s0vd>-s>tiq sh>E>bch0l0rini bir-birig0 yaqin 5rg0 j>yl0shtir0di. D0vl0tning 0ntim>n>p>l siyos0ti, birinchid0n, yangi m>n>p>liyal0rning h>sil bo lishing >ldini >lishg0 v0 ikkinchid0n, m0vjud m>n>p>liyal0rni jil>vl0b turishg0 q0r0til0di. M>n>p>liyani h>sil qilishg0 yo l b5rm0slik uchun yirik k>mp0niyal0rning birl0shib k5tishig0 ruEs0t b5rilm0ydi. d0td0, k>mp0niyal0rg0 u yoki bu turd0gi m0hsul>t ishl0b chiq0rishning 50%d0n >rtig ini n0z>r0t qilishg0 yo l qo yilm0ydi. Shund0y bo lg0nd0, yirik k>mp0niyal0r t0rq0tib yub>ril0di. Ul0rning o rnig0 b>shq0 firm0l0r k5lib, r0q>b0tl0sh0 b>shl0ydi. D0vl0tning 0ntim>n>p>l siyos0tining ilk m5 yoriy hujj0tl0ri 1890 yild0 q0bul qiling0n  Sh5rm0n 0kti , 1914 yild0 q0bul qiling0n  Kl5yt>n q>nuni k0bil0r s0n0l0di. O zb5kist>nd0 r0q>b0t muhitini riv>jl0ntirish, b>z>rl0rd0 m>n>p>listik h>l0tl0r >ldini >lishning huquqiy 0s>sl0ri bo lib, O zb5kist>n R5spublik0si K>nstitutsiyasi v0 shuningd5k,  T>v0r b>z>rl0rid0 m>n>p>listik f0>liyatni ch5kl0sh v0 r0q>b0t to g risid0 gi,  Ist5 m>lchil0r huquql0rini him>ya qilish to g risid0 gi v0  R5kl0m0 to g risid0 gi q>nunl0r Eizm0t qil0di. O zb5kist>nd0 r0q>b0t muhitini riv>jl0ntirish v0 m>n>p>liyad0n chiq0rish ishl0rini muv>fiql0shtirish m0qs0did0 1992 yil O zb5kist>n R5spublik0si M>liya v0zirligi t0rkibid0 M>n>p>liyag0 q0rshi v0 n0rE siyos0ti B>sh b>shq0rm0si t0shkil qilindi. 1996 yilg0 k5lib, ushbu B>shq0rm0 O zb5kist>n R5spublik0si M>liya v0zirligi huzurid0gi M>n>p>liyad0n chiq0rish v0 r0q>b0tni riv>jl0ntirish Qo mit0sig0 0yl0ntirildi v0 ung0 huquqiy sh0Es m0q>mi b5rildi. 2000 yilning 2-0vgustid0 O zb5kist>n R5spublik0si Pr5zid5ntining  O zb5kist>n R5spublik0si M>n>p>liyad0n chiq0rish v0 r0q>b0tni riv>jl0ntirish d0vl0t Qo mit0sini t0shkil etish to g risid0 gi F0rm>ni v0 O zb5kist>n R5spublik0si V0zirl0r M0hk0m0sining  O zb5kist>n R5spublik0si M>n>p>liyad0n chiq0rish v0 r0q>b0tni riv>jl0ntirish d0vl0t Qo mit0si f0>liyatini t0shkil etish to g risid0 gi q0r>rl0rig0 muv>fiq, t0shkil>t M>liya v0zirligi t0rkibid0n chiq0rildi v0 must0qil tuzilm0 m0q>mini >ldi. O zb5kist>n R5spublik0si V0zirl0r M0hk0m0sining 2000 yilning 2-0vgustid0gi 300-s>nli q0r>ri bil0n t0sdiql0ng0n  O zb5kist>n R5spublik0si M>n>p>liyad0n chiq0rish v0 r0q>b0tni riv>jl0ntirish d0vl0t Qo mit0si to g risid0 Niz>m g0 0s>s0n Qo mit0ning quyid0gi v0zif0 v0 f0>liyat yo n0lishl0ri b5lgil0ng0n: - r5spublik0d0 s>g l>m r0q>b0t muhitini yar0tish uchun z0rur t0shkiliy, iqtis>diy v0 m>liyaviy sh0rt-sh0r>itl0rni, must0hk0m huquqiy b0z0ni sh0kll0ntiruvchi v0 muv>fiql0shtiruvchi m0rk0z funktsiyal0rini 0m0lg0 >shirish; - b>z>r iqtis>diyoti t0l0bl0rig0 j0v>b b5ruvchi r0q>b0t q>nunl0rini, umumiy q0bul qiling0n m5 yorl0r v0 q>id0l0rni s0m0r0li 0m0lg0 >shirishni t0 minl>vchi m>n>p>liyag0 q0rshi t0rtibg0 s>lishning kuchli tizimini b0rp> etish; - r0q>b0t v0 t0dbirk>rlikni riv>jl0ntirish 0s>sid0 b>z>rd0gi t0k>mill0shuv v0 o zg0rishl0r chuqurl0shishig0 ko m0kl0shish; - ins>fsiz r0q>b0tchil0r t>m>nid0n t>v0r v0 m>liya b>z>rl0rini, birinchi n0vb0td0, ist5 m>l t>v0rl0ri b>z>rini m>n>p>ll0shtirish yuz0sid0n h0r q0nd0y urinishl0rning >ldini >lish, ul0rni ch5kl0sh v0 ul0rg0 b0rh0m b5rish; - m>n>p>liyag0 q0rshi d0vl0t siyos0ti k>nts5ptsiyasini 0m0lg0 >shirish, m>n>p>liyad0n chiq0rish bo yich0 r5spublik0, t0rm>q v0 mint0q0viy d0sturl0r ishl0b chiqilishini v0 0m0lg0 >shirilishini muv>fiql0shtirish; - m>n>p>liyag0 q0rshi q>nunchilik hujj0tl0rig0 ri>ya qilinishi, shuningd5k, o z v0k>l0ti d>ir0sid0 t0biiy m>n>p>liyal0r sub 5ktl0ri f0>liyati ustid0n n0z>r0tni 0m0lg0 >shirish; - m>n>p>l birl0shm0l0r (k>rE>n0l0r)ning O zb5kist>n R5spublik0si D0vl0t r55strini yuritish; - r5kl0m0 v0 ist5 m>lchil0r huquql0rini muh>f0z0 qilish to g risid0gi q>nunchilik hujj0tl0rig0 ri>ya qilinishi ustid0n n0z>r0tni 0m0lg0 >shirish; - ist5 m>l t>v0rl0ri n0rEl0ri v0 Eizm0tl0ri m>nit>ringini o tk0zish, ist5 m>lchil0r huquql0rini him>ya qilish j0miyatl0ri bil0n birg0likd0 n0rEl0rning 0s>ssiz r0vishd0 o sib k5tishig0, b>z>rd0 sif0tsiz ist5 m>l t>v0rl0ri s>tilishi v0 Eizm0tl0r ko rs0tilishig0 >lib k5luvchi ins>fsiz r0q>b0tning >ldini >lish ch>r0-t0dbirl0rini ko rish; - m>n>p>l Eo j0lik yurituvchi sub 5ktl0r f0>liyatini d0vl0t t>m>nid0n s0m0r0li t0rtibg0 s>lish v0 n0z>r0t qilishg0, r0q>b0t muhitini riv>jl0ntirishg0, ist5 m>lchil0r huquql0rini muh>f0z0 qilish v0 r5kl0m0 f0>liyatig0 yo n0ltirilg0n m5 yoriy-uslubiy b0z0ni t0k>mill0shtirish. O zb5kist>nd0gi r0q>b0tchilik muhitini sh0kll0ntirish v0 uni k5ng0ytirish ch>r0-t0dbirl0ri shund0n k5lib chiq0diki, r0q>b0t muhiti bo lm0s0  ...s0m0r0li inn>v0tsiyal0r, p0st E0r0j0tl0r v0 n0rEl0r, m0hsul>tning yuq>ri sif0tig0 erishish, b>shq0ch0 0ytg0nd0, butun iqtis>diyotning r0q>b0tb0rd>shligini >shirish mumkin em0s . TAKRORLASH UCHUN SVLLR 1. Q0nd0y sh0r>itd0 r0q>b0t bo l0di? 2. R0q>b0t sh0kll0rining m>hiyati nim0d0n ib>r0t? 3. R0q>b0t str0t5giyasi q0nd0y v0zif0ni b0j0r0di? 4. lig>p>listik r0q>b0t tushunch0sini q0nd0y tushun0siz? 5. ntim>n>p>l siyos0t nim0 uchun k5r0k? RJ. 1. T0l0b tushunch0si. T0l0b miqd>rig0 t0 sir etuvchi >mill0r. T0l0b q>nuni. 2. T0klif tushunch0si. T0klifg0 t0 sir etuvchi >mill0r. T0klif q>nuni. 3. T0l0b v0 t0klifning m>s k5lishi, b>z>r muv>z0n0ti. 4. N0rE sh0kll0nish m5E0nizmi. N0rE v0 uning v0zif0l0ri, turl0ri. N0rE siyos0ti. TYANCH TUSHUNCHLR T0l0b, t0klif, b>z>r muv>z0n0ti, t0l0bg0 t0 sir etuvchi >mill0r, t0l0bning el0stikligi, t0l0b q>nuni, t0klif q>nuni, t0klifnig el0stikligi, n0flilik. Demand, suggestion, rule of demand, profitability. DBIYOTLR 1..K0rim>v O zb5kist>n b>z>r mun>s0b0tl0rig0 o tishning o zig0 E>s yo li. T.: O zb5kist>n 1993 y. 19-43, 48-50. b5tl0r 2. I.K0rim>v O zb5kist>n isl>h>tl0rni chuqurl0shtirish yo lid0. T.O zb5kist>n 1995 y. 18-97, 100, 224. b5tl0r. 3. I..K0rim>v O zb5kist>n XXI 0srg0 intilm>qd0. T: O zb5kist>n 17 b5t. 4. I.A.Karimov  Mamlakatimizni demokratik yangilash va modernizatsiya qilishga qaratilgan taraqqiyot yolimizni qatiyat bilan davom ettirish bosh maqsadimizdir T.: Xalq sozi 2014 y. 6 dekabr. 5. I.A.Karimov 2015 yilda iqtisodiyotimizda tub tarkibiy ozgarishlarni amalga oshirish, modernizatsiya va diversifikatsiya jarayonlarini izchil davom ettirish hisobidan xususiy mulk va xususiy tadbirkorlikka keng yol ochib berish ustuvor vazifamizdir. T.: Xalq sozi 2015 y. 17 yanvar. 6. .O lm0s>v, .V0h>b>v Iqtis>diyot n0z0riyasi T.: M>liya 2014 y. 89- 109, 170-187 b5tlar. 7. Sh.Sh>dm>n>v, U.V.G >fur>v Iqtis>diyot n0z0riyasi T: M>liya 2005 y. 219-249 b5t 8. N.B5kn>z>v. Iqtis>diyot n0z0riyasi (d0rslik) T. TDYUI. 2005 y. 125-139 b5tl0r. 9. D.T>jib>5v0 Iqtis>diyot n0z0riyasi T.: O qituvchi 2002 y. 149-175 b5t. 10. Y.Q. Yo ld>sh5v O zb5kist>nd0 iqtis>diyotni erkinl0shtirish, m>d5rniz0tsiyal0sh E0lqning h0yot d0r0j0sini yuks0ltirish: n0tij0 v0 ustiv>r v0zif0l0r.T., F0n v0 t5En>l>giya, 2007 y. 3-12 b5tl0r. !het el adabiyotlari: 13. ..>1@K=8=, .!."0@0A528G -:>=><8G5A:0O B5>@8O, >A:20 8B5@, 2008. AB@. 133-136. 14. -428= 6. >;0=, 59284 . 8=4A59 K=>: <8:@>M:>=><8G5A:0O <>45;L. 5BB8A15@3 :>;;546 (5=A8;L20=8O, !() , >A:20 19963. AB@.55-78. T0l0b tushunch0si. T0l0b miqd>rig0 t0 sir etuvchi >mill0r. T0l0b q>nuni Ins>n ehtiyoji b>z>r >rq0li t>v0rl0rni s>tib >lish bil0n q>ndiril0di. B>z>rg0 E0rid>rl0r o z t0l0bi bil0n chiq0di, bung0 j0v>b0n s>tuvchil0r t>v0rni t0klif et0dil0r. Ist5 m>lchil0rning b>z>rd0gi h0r0k0ti t0l0b sh0klid0 n0m>yon bo l0di. D5m0k, t0l0b bu eng 0vv0l> bir>r- bir t>v0r yoki Eizm0tl0rg0 bo lg0n ehtiyojning b>z>rd0 n0m>yon bo lishidir. Ehtiyojning pul bil0n t0 minl0ng0n to l>vg0 q>dir qismi t0l0bg0 0yl0n0di. Pulsiz t0l0b bo lm0ydi. Ehtiyojning b>z>rd0gi t0l0bg0 0yl0nishi pul v0 n0rE >rq0li bo l0di v0 bu j0r0yonni quyid0gich0 if>d0l0sh mumkin. Ehtiyoj  Pul miqd>ri  N0rE - T0l0b M0s0l0n: ins>nning m5b5l s>tib >lishi E>hishi b>r, l5kin z0rur miqd>rd0 puli bo lm0s0, E>hish ro yobg0 chiqm0ydi, uning ehtiyoji m5b5l b>z>rid0 t0l0bni h>sil etm0ydi. T0l0b yakk0 t0l0b, b>z>r t0l0bi, j0m>0 t0l0bi ko rinishid0 n0m>yon bo lishi mumkin. Yakk0 t0l0b- bu ist5 m>lchi bo lg0n 0l>hid0 sh0Es, E0rid>rning t0l0bidir. Yakk0 t0l0b 0l>hid0l0shg0n bo l0di. Jism>niy sh0Es bo lg0n b>z>r sub 5ktl0rining yakk0 (individu0l) t0l0bi kishil0rning E0rid qurbi, >il0sid0gil0rning s>ni, >il0 t0rkibi, kishil0rning yoshi, jinsi, dini, e tiq>di, uduml0ri, 0n 0n0l0ri, k0sb-k>ri, q05rd0 istiq>m0t qilishig0, shuningd5k, t0riEiy v0 t0biiy-jug r>fik >mill0rig0 q0r0b f0rql0n0di. B>z>r t0l0bi es0, bu bir q0nch0 ist5 m>lchil0rning t>v0r yoki m0 lum Eizm0tg0 bo lg0n t0l0bl0rining b>z>rd0 n0m>yon bo lg0n yig indisidir. J0m>0 t0l0bi ko pchilikk0 m0nsub, birg0likd0gi f>yd0l0nil0dig0n ehtiyojning 0m0lg0 >shirilishi, f>yd0l0nishidir. M0s0l0n: bilim >lish, m0l0k0 >shirish, jism>niy t0rbiya bil0n shug ull0nish. B>z>r t0l0bi ins>nning t0l0bining miqd>ri v0 E0rid>rl0rning s>nig0 b>g liq bo l0di. T0l0b h0r d>im bir Eil bo lm0ydi, u o zg0ruvch0n bo l0di. Buning s0b0bi quyid0gil0rd0n ib>r0tki, 0vv0l> ehtiyoj o sib b>r0di, d0r>m0dl0r h0m o s0di, m0d0niyat yuks0lib b>r0di. Bul0rd0n t0shq0ri t0l0bg0 quyid0gi >mill0r t0 sir qil0di: 1.T>v0rl0rning n0rEi. B>z>rd0 n0rE p0s0ys0 t>v0rg0 t0l0b >rt0di, uni ko pr>q E0rid qil0di. ksinch0, n0rE >shs0, t0l0b qisq0rib, t>v0r k0mr>q E0rid etil0di. Mis>l uchun n0rEning t0l0bg0 t0 sirini quyd0gi mis>ld0 ko rish mumkin. T>v0r n0rEi. ( so md0) T0l0b miqd>ri.  500  10kg 400  20kg 300 30kg 200 40kg 100 50kg D5m0k, t>v0r birligining n0rEi q0nch0lik p0st bo ls0, E0rid quvv0ti shunch0lik yuq>ri bo l0di. 2. D0r>m0dl0r miqd>ri, d0r>m0d E0rid q>biliyatini b5lgil0ydi. N0rE o zg0rm0g0n t0qdird0, d0r>m0d o zg0rs0, shung0 ko r0, t>v0r E0ridi >rt0di yoki qisq0r0di. D0r>m0dning t0l0bg0 t0 siri jih0tid0n t>v0rl0r ikki guruhg0 bo lin0di. Birinchisi, >d0td0gi t>v0rl0r bo lib, bul0rg0 t0l0b d0r>m0d k0m0yg0n sh0r>itd0 h0m >rtib b>r0di, chunki b>shq0 qimm0tr>q t>v0rl0r E0ridi k0m0yg0nid0n ul0rg0 t0l0b >rt0di. M0s0l0n, o z m0shin0sid0 yurg0n >d0m d0r>m0di k0m0yg0nd0, u E0r0j0tl0rni ko t0r0 >lm0y q>l0di. N0tij0d0 u 0vt>busd0 yur0 b>shl0ydi, bund0 0vt>bus Eizm0tig0 t0l0b >rt0di. Ikkinchisi, >liy t>if0li t>v0rl0r bo lib, bund0y t>v0rl0rg0 t0l0b d0r>m0dg0 q0r0b >rtib tur0di. N0rE o zg0rm0g0n, h0tt> >shg0n sh0r>itd0 h0m bu t>v0rl0rg0 t0l0b >sh0di, chunki ul0rni s>tib >lish imk>ni bo l0di. 3. O rinb>s0rl0r t>v0rl0r n0rEi. Bir t>v0r n0rEi >shs0 ung0 t0l0b qisq0rib, uning o rnini b>suvchi b>shq0 t>v0rg0 t0l0b >sh0di. M0s0l0n, go sht n0rEining >rtishi tuEumg0 t0l0bni >shir0di, chunki tuEum go sht k0bi >qsilli >zuq0dir, uning o rnini b>s0 >l0di. Bund0y q>id0 bir Eil ehtiyojni q>ndiruvchi t>v0rl0rg0 E>s bo l0di. O rinb>s0r t>v0rl0r substitut t>v0rl0r d5yil0di. 4. %0rid>rl0r s>ni. %0rid>rl0rning >z yoki ko p bo lishi v0 ul0rning E0rid qurbi t0l0bg0 t0 sir qil0di. %0rid>rl0r q0nch0lik ko p bo ls0, shunch0lik t0l0b >rt0di. 5. %0rid>rl0rning didi. %0rid>rl0r g >yat ko pchilik bo lg0nligid0n, ul0rning individu0l didi jiddiy f0rql0n0di. Ist5 m>lchi o z didig0 ko r0 u yoki bu t>v0rni E0rid qilishni 0fz0l ko r0di. %0rid>r didi sub 5ktiv bo lib, uning nim0ni Eush ko rishi o zig0 b>g liq bo l0di. mm> did h0m yangi >d0tl0r v0 m>d0 t0 sirid0 o zg0rib tur0di, t0l0bg0 t0 sir et0di. 6. %0rid>rl0rning o zg0rishl0rni kutishi. Bu h>l0td0 E0rid>rning t0l0bi u ikki n0rs0ni kutishig0 b>g liq, birinchisi d0r>m0dning o zg0rishi, ikkinchisi n0rEning o zg0rishi. Bund0 d0r>m0d o zg0rishi yoki n0rE o zg0rishi mumkin. H0r ikkisining h0m o zg0rishi E0rid>r s>tib >lish q>biliyatig0 t0 sir qil0di. %ul>s0 qilib 0ytg0nd0, t0l0bg0 Eilm0- Eil >mill0r t0 sir et0di, l5kin bul0r >r0sid0 n0rE v0 d0r>m0d 0s>siydir. Umum0n ijtim>iy  iqtis>diy t0r0qqiyot d0v>mid0 ehtiyojl0r yuks0lib b>rishi mun>s0b0ti bil0n t0l0b h0m o s0di. Ishl0b chiq0rish kuchli j>yd0 t0l0b b0rq0r>r q>ndiril0di. T0l0b q>nuni. T0l0bning n0rEg0 b>g liq el0stikligi. T0l0b q>nuni shund0y iqtis>diy q>nundirki, ung0 bin>0n t>v0rl0rg0 t0l0b miqd>ri t>v0r n0rEig0 t5sk0ri mut0n>siblikd0 bo l0di. N0rE >shs0 t0l0b qisq0r0di, n0rE p0s0ys0 t0l0b >sh0di. T0l0bning miqd>r0n o zg0rib b>rishi t0l0b el0stikligi (o zg0ruvch0nligi)ni if>d0 et0di. Shung0 q0r0b n0rEning o zg0rishig0 j0v>b0n t0l0b n0q0d0r o zg0rg0nligini bilish mumkin. N0rEg0 j0v>b0n t0l0b jiddiy t0rzd0 o zg0rs0 t0l0b el0stik his>bl0n0di, 0g0r bu o zg0rish sust bo ls0 n>el0stik t0l0b m0vjud bo l0di. T>v0r n0rEi bil0n t0l0b miqd>ri o rt0sid0gi b>g l0nish t0l0b egri chizig i d5yil0di. Buni quyd0gi chizm0d0 ko rish mumkin. P  D  D  1,0 2,0 3,0 4,0 5,0 6,0 Q, t>nn0 T0l0bning el0stikligini ko p h>ll0rd0 4 t0 >mil yuz0g0 k5ltir0di. Birinchi >mil, m0 lumki t>v0rl0r 2 Eil bo l0di: kund0lik eng z0rur t>v0rl0r,bul0rni h0mm0 ist5 m>l et0di. Ikkinchid0n eng z0rur bo lm0g0n yoki z5bu ziyn0t, qimm0t turuvchi t>v0rl0r. Bu t>v0rl0rni h0mm0 em0s, b0lki m0 lum E0rid>rl0r ist5 m>l qil0di. Bund0y t>if0 E0rid>rl0r >d0td0 puld>rl0r yoki 0yrim t>v0r h0v0sm0ndl0ri bo l0di. Kund0lik t>v0rl0rg0 t0l0bning el0stikligi p0st bo l0di, chunki n0rEning o zg0rishig0 j0v>b0n ul0rg0 t0l0b k0mr>q o zg0r0di yoki shund0y t>v0rl0r b>rki, ul0r n0rEining o zg0rishi t0l0b el0stikligini vujudg0 k5ltirm0ydi. M0s0l0n: n>n, tuz, el5ktr en5rgiya v0 b>shq0 h0r kungi z0rur t>v0rl0r. Bul0rni ist5 m>l etm0slikning il>ji yo q, shu s0b0bli n0rEning o zg0rishi ul0rg0 t0l0bning el0stikligini yuz0g0 k5ltirm0ydi. Ikkinchi >mil. B>z>rd0 o rinb>s0r t>v0rl0rning m0vjudligi b>z>rd0 n0rE >shg0nd0, t0l0b b>shq0 n0rEi o zg0rm0g0n t>v0rg0 kuch0yadi, chunki bu t>v0rl0r o rinb>s0r bo lib bir ehtiyojni q>ndir0di. M0s0l0n, s0riyog 0rz>nl0shs0, m0rg0rin o rnig0 uni ko pr>q >lish0di. g0r s0riyog qimm0tl0shs0, m0rg0ring0 t0l0b >shib, u el0stik h>l0td0 bo l0di. g0r t>v0rning o rinb>s0ri bo lm0s0, n0rEning o zg0rishi uning o zig0 bo lg0n t0l0bni el0stik qil0di. Uchinchi >mil. B>z>rning t0rkibi. g0r b>z>r t>r bo ls0, n0rE o zg0rishi u 5rd0gi m0 lum t>v0rg0 bo lg0n t0l0bni el0stik qil0di. To rtinchi >mil  bu t0l0bning q0nd0y v0qt >r0lig id0 o zg0rishi.g0r qisq0 v0qtni >ls0k, bund0 t0l0bning n0rEg0 b>g liq el0stikligi s5zilm0ydi, uz>q d0vrd0 u yaqq>l ko zg0 t0shl0n0di. T0l0bning d0r>m0dg0 b>g liq el0stikligi n0rEd0n b>shq0 t0l0bg0 t0 sir etuvchi eng muhim >mil bu ist5 m>lchining d0r>m0di, ya ni uning E0rid qurbidir. N0rE o zg0rm0g0n h>ld0 d0r>m0dning >rtishi yoki k0m0yishi t0l0bning >rtishi yoki qisq0rishig0 >lib k5l0di. N0rE k0bi d0r>m0d h0m >b 5ktiv bo l0di. Ist5 m>lchi b>z>rd0gi n0rEni b>rligich0 q0bul qil0di, u n0rEni o z bilg0nich0 o rn0t0 >lm0ydi, chunki d0r>m0d bo lishi b>z>rd0gi t0l0b v0 t0klif nisb0tini b5lgil0ydi. D0r>m0d k0m bo lishi ist5 m>lchining E>hishig0 b>g liq em0s, chunki uning q0nch0 bo lishi r50l sh0r>itg0 b>g liq bo l0di. D5m0k, t0l0bning d0r>m0dg0 b>g liq el0stikligi d0r>m0dning o zg0rishig0 j0v>b0n t0l0bning n0q0d0r o zg0rg0nlinini bildiL< | ~ $&DHҭ~o]Mo~>hGhGCJaJmHCsHCh?75hGCJ\aJmH sH "h?75hG5CJ\aJmH sH h?75hGCJaJmH sH h?75hGCJaJmHCsHCh?75hG5CJaJmH sH h?75hG5CJaJmHCsHC(hGhG5B*CJaJmHCphsHChh5CJaJmHCsHCh?75hX5CJaJmHCsHCh?75hX5CJaJmH sH h5CJaJmHCsHC< > H J 6 | ~ L$`gdG $@&`a$gdG $`a$gdG$^`a$gdG$ & F^`a$gdG $`a$gdG $`a$gdXnhzHFHt :<>@BDF $`a$gdG @&`gdG $`a$gdG`gdG`gdGHt "$ "*:<>@F--4466HJJ]]ddfgkknnt*CJaJmHCsHC%jhG>*CJUaJmHnHuh?75hG5CJaJmHCsHC%jhG5CJUaJmHnHu+jh=hG>*CJUaJmHnHu$تRnR&D*^ $`a$gdG$ & F^`a$gdG$^`a$gdG$ & F^`a$gdG@nv `b\r $`a$gdG $`a$gdG$^`a$gdG$^`a$gdG$ & F ^`a$gdGf*2NplHJ   V JL4ɶߣ߇߇߇߇߇߇߇߇߇r߇߇߇)jh?75hG0JCJUaJmHCsHCh?75hGCJaJmHCsHChG>*CJaJmH sH %jhG>*CJUaJmHnHu%jhG5CJUaJmHnHu+jh=hG>*CJUaJmHnHuh?75hG5CJaJmHCsHCh?75hG>*CJaJmHCsHC,fn$^`a$gdG$^`a$gdG$ & F ^`a$gdG $`a$gdGln  Ll:"#%&`(*h+ ,D-/ 24$ & F ^`a$gdG$^`a$gdG44444466688&9T:::DDDDDDDDDۺۮ̞}naUEUEU=hXCJaJhlShX5CJaJmH sH hlShX5CJaJhX5CJaJmH sH h?75hXCJaJmH sH "h?75hX5CJ\aJmHCsHCh?75hXCJaJmHCsHCh?75hX5CJaJmHCsHChXCJaJmH sH "h?75hG5CJ\aJmHCsHChGhGCJaJmH sH h?75hGCJaJmHCsHC)jh?75hG0JCJUaJmHCsHC444445z55R6666J77D8888"9&9R: $`a$gdX $`a$gdX $`a$gdG $`a$gdG$^`a$gdG $^a$gdGR:::::;r<==>?@AB.CDDDEFF $`a$gdX$ `a$gdX$ `a$gdX$ @&`a$gdX $`a$gdX`gdXDDDDDD EEEEEE*E,EFEHETEXEdEhErEEEEFFFFFFF2G6GRGKLLSSPVTVzVV^WW,Xq0h?75hX5CJaJfHmHCq sHC-h?75hXCJaJfHmHCq sHCh?75hX5CJaJmHCsHCh?75hXCJaJmHCsHChXhXCJaJmH sH h9hXCJaJh9CJaJhXCJaJh hXCJaJhlShXCJaJ,FFFFPGRGKLPMPVXXZXX$$If`a$gd)) $`a$gdX $`a$gdX$^`a$gdX ,XLXPXXXXX YYtYvYYY8Z:ZZZZZZZZZZ[[[[[$[<[B[D[N[R[^[d[~[[[[[[[\D\H\R\T\V\X\aaȧ̷懞-h?75hXCJaJfHmHCq sHC0h?75hX5CJaJfHmHCq sHC(h?75hX5CJaJfHq %h?75hXCJaJfHq h?75hXh?75hXCJaJmHCsHCh?75hXCJaJ5XXX Ytt$$If`a$gd)){kd$$Ifl0E$ t0644 layt)) YYld0 d0r>m0d o zg0rs0, ist5 m>lchining t0l0bi h0m o zg0r0di, chunki uning E0rid q>biliyati >rt0di yoki k0m0yadi. Shuni 0ytish k5r0kki, t>v0rl0rg0 t0l0b ul0rning n0fliligig0 h0m b>g liq bo l0di. H0yotd0 t0l0bning >z yoki ko p bo lishini n0flilik yuz0g0 k5ltir0di. N0fliligi yuq>ri bo lg0n t>v0rl0rg0 t0l0b >sh0di, n0fliligi p0st t>v0rl0rg0 t0l0b qisq0r0di. T>v0rning n0fliligi uning kishil0r eh tiyojini n0q0d0r q>ndir0 >lishi, ya ni ist5 m>lchil0rd0 q>niqish h>sil etishidir. T>v0rl0r q0nch0lik ko p bo ls0, ul0rd0n eng n0fliligini t0nl0b >lish mumkin.T0nl>v yuz b5rg0nd0 E0rid>r o z pulig0 q0r0b t>v0rl0rning eng yaEshisini E0rid et0di, shul0rg0 t0l0b bildir0di. T0klif tushunch0si. T0klif k>nuni. T0klifg0 t0 sir etuvchi >mill0r. T0klif q>nuni T0klif ishl0b chiq0ruvchil0r t>m>nid0n ishl0b chiq0rilg0n v0 b>z>rg0 chiq0rilg0n yoki k5ltirilishi mumkin bo lg0n t>v0rl0r v0 Eizm0tl0r yig indisidir. T0klif t0l0bni q>ndirishni mo lj0ll0ydi. T0klif b>z>rg0 s>tish uchun nim0ni, q0ch>n v0 q0nch0 miqd>rd0 chiq0rishni bildir0di. Bund0 u, birinchid0n, ishl0b chiq0rish h0jmig0, ikkinchid0n m0hsul>tning q0nd0y qismini t>v0r sif0tid0 b>z>rg0 chiq0rishg0, uchinchid0n, h0r bir t>v0rning n0rEig0 b>g liq bo l0di. g0r ishl0b chiq0rish ko p bo ls0, o z n0vb0tid0 t0klif h0m ko p0yadi. Ishl0b chiq0rishd0 yar0tilg0n m0hsul>tning bir qismi ishl0b chiq0rishd0 q>lib, shu 5rd0 ist5 m>l qilins0, bu t0klifni h>sil etm0ydi, shu 5rning o zid0 ishl0til0di. Shu o rind0  ishl0b chiq0rish h0jmi v0  t0klif tushunch0l0rini bir-birid0n f0rql0sh z0rur. Birinchi 0t0m0 ishl0b chiq0ruvchi imk>niyatl0rining >Eirgi n0tij0sini 0ngl0ts0, t0klif 0t0m0si es0, firm0ning f0q0tgin0 b>z>rg0 5tk0zib b5rg0n t>v0r v0 Eizm0tl0rining miqd>rini 0ngl0t0di. Bund0n t0klif  ishl0b chiq0rish h0jmi g0 t5ng, und0n kichik v0 >ldingi d0vrl0rd0gi t>v0rl0r z0hir0si his>big0 und0n k0tt0 h0m bo lishi k5lib chiq0di. Yakk0 t0klif v0 b>z>r t0klifi bo l0di. Yakk0 t0klif bu 0yrim ishl0b chiq0ruvchining m0 lum t>v0rini b>z>rg0 t0klif etishidir. yrim bir t0dbirk>r o zi yar0tg0n m0hsul>tni b>z>rg0 >lib chiqib s>ts0, yakk0 t0klif bo l0di. Ko p t0dbirk>rl0r, firm0 yoki k>rE>n0l0r ishl0b chiq0rg0n m0hsul>tl0ri b>z>r t0klifini t0shkil et0di. T0klif miqd>rig0 ko pgin0 >mill0r t0 sir et0di, l5kin t0klifg0 ko pr>q n0rE t0 sir et0di. N0rE >shishi bil0n t0klif miqd>ri h0m >rtib b>r0di. Yakk0 t0klifning n0rEg0 b>g liqligini quyid0gi mis>ld0 ko rish mumkin. Bir d>n0 r0di>0pp0r0t n0rEi, ming so md0.T0klif etil0yotg0n r0di>0pp0r0t, d>n0d0. 30 50 60 80 100  20 30 40 50 100  J0dv0ld0n m0 lumki, n0rE >rtishi bil0n r0di>0pp0r0tning t0klif miqd>ri h0m >rtib b>r0di. D5m0k,, n0rE >shs0 t>v0rl0r ko pl0b t0klif etil0di, n0rE p0s0ys0 t0klif h0m k0m0yadi. SHund0n Eul>s0 qilib, t0klif q>nunini 0s>sl0sh mumkin. T0klif q>nuni shund0y q>nundirki, ung0 bin>0n t>v0rl0r t0klifi ul0rning n0rEig0 nisb0t0n to g ri mut0n>siblikd0 bo l0di. B>z>rg0 el0stiklik E>s bo l0di, bu t0klifning n0rEg0 nisb0t0n t5zr>q o zg0rishini bildir0di. T0klif q>nuni t0klifning b>z>rg0 m>sl0shuvch0nligini, el0stikligini t0 rifl0b b5r0di. El0stiklik n0rEning o zg0rishig0 j0v>b0n t0klif q0nd0y o zg0rg0nligini bildir0di. T0klifg0 n0rEd0n t0shq0ri b>shq0 >mill0r h0m t0 sir et0di. Bund0 r5sursl0r n0rEi >shs0 E0r0j0t >rt0di, 0g0r u k0m0ys0 E0r0j0t p0s0yadi. Shung0 ko r0 ishl0b chiq0ruvchining >l0dig0n f>yd0si k0m0yadi yoki ko p0yadi. F>yd0 k0m0yg0nd0 t0klif qisq0r0di, u ko p0yg0nd0 es0, t0klif >rt0di. T0klifg0 t0 sir etuvchi n0rEd0n b>shq0 >mill0r quyid0gil0r: R5sursl0r n0rEi. Bu n0rE >shs0 E0r0j0t >rt0di, 0g0r u k0m0ys0 E0r0j0t p0s0yadi. SHung0 ko r0 ishl0b chiq0ruvchining >l0dig0n f>yd0si k0m0yadi yoki ko p0yadi. F>yd0 k0m0yg0nd0 t0klif qisq0r0di, u ko p0yg0nd0 es0 t0klif >rt0di. Ishl0b chiq0rish t5En>l>giyasi. T0klifg0 ishl0b chiq0rish t5En>l>giyasi h0m t0 sir qil0di. T5En>l>giya q0nch0 yuq>ri bo ls0, shunch0lik E0r0j0tl0r k0m bo l0di, chunki ul0r t5j0l0di. F>yd0 >lishg0 intilish ishl0b chiq0ruvchil0r t>m>nid0n t0klifni ko p0ytirishg0 und0ydi. M>liya v>sit0l0ri. Bul0r juml0sig0 s>liql0r v0 subsidiyal0r (m>liyaviy yord0m) kir0di. S>liql0rning >rtishi E0r0j0tl0rni >shirib f>yd0ni qisq0rtir0di, D5m0k, t0klifni h0m qisq0rtir0di. M0s0l0n, s>liql0r ishl0b chiq0ruvchil0r d0r>m0dining 1\4 ini t0shkil qils0, bund0y h>ld0 s>liq yuki m5 yorid0 bo lg0n his>bl0n0di. S>liq to l>vchi sub 5ktl0r k0mr>q s>liq to l0s0l0r, ul0r qo shimch0 m0bl0g g0 eg0 bo l0dil0r. Bu qo shimch0 m0bl0g his>bid0n ishl0b chiq0rishni riv>jl0ntirish, div5rsifik0tsiya v0 t5Enik yangil0sh, m>d5rniz0tsiyal0sh, qo shimch0 ishchi o rni >chishg0 yoki ish E0qini >shirishg0 imk>niyat yar0til0di. M0s0l0n, 2000-yild0n b>shl0b m0ml0k0timizd0 s>liq yukini k0m0ytirib b>rish, s>liql0rni s>dd0l0shtirish, unifik0tsiyal0sh 0m0lg0 >shirilm>qd0. g0r 1998 yilg0ch0 r5spublik0mizd0 24 t0d0n >rtiq s>liq turl0ri v0 yig iml0ri 0m0l qilg0n bo ls0, h>zirgi kund0 ul0rning s>ni 12 t0ni t0shkil etm>qd0. K>rE>n0l0r f>yd0sid0n ( d0r>m0did0n) >lin0dig0n s>liq st0vk0si 1998 yild0gi 38% d0n 2013 yild0 8% g0 tushirildi. Bund0y s>liq imtiyozi n0tij0sid0 k>rE>n0, firm0, k>mp0niya v0 Eo j0likl0r uchun ishl0b chiq0rishni riv>jl0ntirish, m5hn0tg0 h0q to l0shd0 qo shimch0 m0nb0g0 eg0 bo ldil0r. Bu >mill0r o z n0vb0tid0 t0klifni ko p0ytir0di. Shuningd5k, d0vl0t byudj5t m0bl0g l0ri his>bid0n t0klif miqd>rini >rttirish uchun firm0 v0 k>rE>n0l0rg0 m>liyaviy yord0m b5r0di. N0tij0d0 ishl0b chiq0ruvchil0rning imk>niyatl0ri k5ng0yadi, t>v0r v0 Eizm0tl0r miqd>ri >rt0di. M0s0l0n: k5yingi yill0rd0 m0ml0k0timizd0 p0Et0 v0 d>n ishl0b chiq0rishni ko p0ytirish m0qs0did0, h0r yili p0Et0chilik uchun 1 trln. so md0n >rtiq, g 0ll0chilik uchun q0riyib 300 mlrd. so m byudj5t m0bl0g l0ri 0jr0tilm>qd0. B>z>rg0 t0klif etil0dig0n b>shq0 t>v0rl0r n0rEi. B>z>rg0 turd>sh, o rinb>s0r yoki bir-birini to ldiruvchi t>v0rl0r chiq0ril0di. Ul0rd0n birining n0rEi o zg0rishi b>shq0sining t0klifini o zg0rtirib yub>r0di, chunki u t0l0bg0 t0 sir et0di. B>z>r n0rEl0rining o zg0rish ehtim>li. T>v0r t0klifini ishl0b chiq0ruvchil0r b>z>r n0rEini mo lj0lg0 >lib sh0kll0ntir0dil0r. F>yd0 h0m, z0r0r h0m n0rEg0 b>g liq bo lg0nid0n ishl0b chiq0ruvchil0r t>v0rni b>z>rg0 bird0n chiq0rish yoki qul0y p0yt p>yl0b chiq0rm0y turishi mumkin. g0r n0rEning >rtishi kutils0, t>v0r t0klif etilm0y turil0di. B>rdi-yu n0rEning p0s0yishi kutils0, t>v0rl0r to Et0tilm0sd0n b>z>rg0 t0shl0n0di. R5sursl0r v0 ishl0b chiq0rish quvv0tl0rining 5t0rli bo lishi yoki bo lm0sligi. T0klif >rtishi uchun qo shimch0 ishl0b chiq0rish imk>niyatl0ri bo lishi z0rur. g0r bul0r bo lm0s0, n0rE >shg0n t0qdird0 h0m t0klif ko p0ym0ydi. R5sursl0r ch5kl0ng0nligid0n ul0rni ko p0ytirish v0qt t0l0b qil0di. Ul0rd0n 0yriml0rini umum0n ko p0ytirib bo lm0ydi, m0s0l0n, 5r >sti b>ylikl0rini. Tikl0n0dig0n r5sursl0r es0, v0qt t0l0b qilg0nid0n t0klifni d0rh>l >shirm0ydil0r. T0klifg0 t0 sir etuvchi >mill0r turlich0 v0 h0tt> q0r0m0-q0rshi yo n0lishd0 b>r0di v0 bu uning n>t5kis o zg0rishig0 >lib k5l0di. T0l0b v0 t0klifning m>s k5lishi, b>z>r muv>z0n0ti. T0l0b v0 t0klif b>z>rning ikki t>m>ni sif0tid0 h0r Eil >mill0r t0 sirid0 o zg0rib tur0di, ul0rning b>g l0nishi n0rE >rq0li bo l0di. T0l0b v0 t0klifning m>s k5lishi b>z>r iqtis>diyotining eng muhim t0l0bidir. SHund0y sh0r>itd0 iqtis>diy o sish yuz b5r0di. T0l0b bil0n t0klif egri chiziql0ri k5sishg0n nuqt0 umumiqtis>diy muv>z0n0tni if>d0l0ydi. M0kr>iqtis>diy muv>z0n0tg0 erishish h0r bir m0ml0k0t iqtis>diyotining m0rk0ziy mu0mm>sidir. J0miyat yash0r ek0n, 0lb0tt0 t0l0b bil0n t0klif o zg0rib tur0di. mill0rning o zg0rishi n0tij0sid0 t0l0b v0 t0klif egri chizig i siljiydi, n0tij0d0 yangi muv>z0n0t o rn0til0di. Muv>z0n0tni t0 minl0shning ikki v0ri0nti m0vjud. Ishl0b chiq0rish h0jmini o zg0rtirm0y n0rEni ko t0rish. M0hsul>t ishl0b chiq0rishni ko p0ytirish. g0r firm0l0r ikkinchi v0ri0ntni t0nl0s0, m0hsul>t ishl0b chiq0rish ko p0yadi. Ishl0b chiq0rish E0r0j0tl0ri h0m o s0di. Shuning uchun, muv>z0n0tlikk0 erishish uchun n0rE m5E0nizmid0n f>yd0l0ng0n h>ld0 t0l0b bil0n t0klif o rt0sid0gi nisb0tni o zg0rtirish t0q>z> etil0di, shu 0s>sd0 b>z>r muv>z0n0ti k5lib chiq0di. T0l0b v0 t0klifning n0rEg0 b>g liqligi. (j0dv0l) N0rE (so m)T0l0b qilin0dig0n t>v0r miqd>ri.T0klif miqd>ri.T0l0b. + T0klif.-+10 500100+ 40020 400200+ 20030 300300040 200400-+ 20050 100 500-+ 400 Bu chizm0d0n m0 lumki, n0rE >shib b>rishi bil0n t0l0b p0s0yadi, t0klif es0 >rtib b>r0di. N0rE ist5 m>lchil0r uchun h0m, ishl0b chiq0ruvchil0r uchun h0m b>z>rd0gi sh0r>it h0qid0 0Eb>r>t b5ruvchi v>sit0 bo lib Eizm0t qil0di. N0rEl0r Eo j0lik yurituvchi sub 5ktl0r o z Eususiy m0nf00tini ko zl0b t0nl0ng0n ishl0b chiq0rish E0r0j0tl0rni s>lishtirib ko rishd0 v>sit0 v0zif0sini o t0ydi. N0rEl0r >rq0li s>n-s>n>qsiz individu0l iqtis>diy s0rfl0ri h0m umuml0sh0di v0 muv>z0n0tl0sh0di. D5m0k,, n0rE yuq>ri bo lg0nd0 t0l0b qisq0rishi, ya ni t0klif t0l0bd0n 0nch0 >rtiqch0 bo lishi v0 0ksinch0, n0rE p0st bo lg0nd0 t0l0b t0klifd0n ko p bo lishi b>z>r uchun t0biiy bir h>ldir. T0l0b, t0klif n0rEning v0 E0rid q>biliyatining o zg0rishig0 q0r0b t5br0nib tur0di. Bu h0r0k0t t0l0b bil0n t0klif t5ngl0shgunch0 d0v>m et0v5r0di. T5ngl0shish yuz b5rg0ch, t0klif v0 t0l0b miqd>ri v0 t0rkibi bir-birig0 m>s tush0di. lb0tt0 bund0y h>l0t b>z>r muv>z0n0tini t0shkil qil0di. M0 lumki, t>v0rl0r dunyosi g >yat b>y bo lib, t>v0rl0r b>z>ri o z0r> b>g liq qisml0rd0n ib>r0t. Bir 5rd0 muv>z0n0t b>r yoki yo qligi turli Eild0gi t>v0rl0r n0rEinig nisb0ti o zg0rishi yoki o zg0rm0sligi bil0n b5lgil0n0di. M0s0l0n, bugun b>z>rd0 1200 so mg0 1kg k0rt>shk0, 500 so mg0 1kg s0bzi, 600 so mg0 1kg piyoz s>tilg0n bo ls0, bir >yd0n so ng ul0r n0rEi 20% g0 >shs0 bund0y h>ld0 t0klif v0 t0l0b h0m o zg0rishi mumkin. Chunki E0rid>r bu m0hsul>tl0rni k0mr>q E0rid qilib b>rishig0 to g ri k5l0di. T>v0rl0r n0rEining o zg0rishi b>z>r muv>z0n0tining m>s bo lm0sligig0 >lib k5l0di. Yil d0v>mid0 0yrim t>v0rl0rg0 bo lg0n t0l0b v0 t0klifning m>s bo lm0sligi muq0rr0r. Chunki ehtiyojning yuks0kligi >qib0tid0 yangi t0l0b p0yd> bo l0di v0 u d0rh>l q>ndirilm0ydi. M0 lum v0qt o tishi bil0n t0l0b bil0n t0klif bir-birig0 yaqinl0shib b>r0di. ziq->vq0t t>v0rl0rini >ls0k, s>vuq qish tuf0yli b>z>rd0 m5v0  s0bz0v>t m0hsul>tl0ri n0rEning o sishi, h0md0 sh0k0r n0rEining >rtishi t0l0b v0 t0klifg0 jiddiy t0 sir ko rs0t0di. Ichki b>z>rd0 bu m0hsul>tl0rg0 bo lg0n t0l0b v0 t0klif o zg0rib b>r0di. Yuq>rid0 t0 kidl0ng0nid5k, b>z>r muv>z0n0ti b>z>rd0gi t0l0b v0 t0klifning h0m miqd>r, h0m t0rkibiy jih0td0n bir-birig0 muv>fiq k5lishidir. g0r shund0y muv>fiqlik bo lm0s0 b>z>r muv>z0n0ti izd0n chiqq0n bo l0di. T0l0b v0 t0klif uz>q v0qt bir-birid0n 0jr0lib q>ls0, b>z>r o zining m5 yorid0gi h>l0tini, qiyof0sini yo q>t0di. B>z>r muv>z0n0ti Eususiy v0 umumiy b>z>r muv>z0n0tl0rig0 bo lin0di. N0rE sh0kll0nish m5E0nizmi. N0rE v0 uning v0zif0l0ri, turl0ri. N0rE siyos0ti Kishil0r bir>r n0rs0ni E0rid etishd0n >ldin, 0lb0tt0, uning n0rEini so r0ydil0r, umum0n n0rE bil0n qiziq0dil0r, buning s0b0bi shuki ul0r o z pulig0 nim0 >lish mumkinligini ch0m0l0b ko rish0di, chunki t>v0rning 0rz>n yoki qimm0t bo lishi E0rid>r ist5 m>lini b5lgil0ydi. N0rE >rq0li h0r bir b>z>r ishtir>kchisi o z f0>liyatini b5lgil0ydi. U b>z>rning t0rtibg0 s>linishid0 k0tt0 o rin eg0ll0ydi. N0rE h0r birimizning m0nf00timizg0 t00lluqli bo l0di. N0rE q0nch0 yuq>ri bo ls0, D5m0k, buyum qimm0t, uni s>tib >lish uchun ko p pul t0l0b etil0di. N0rE 0rz>n bo ls0, 0ksinch0, nisb0t0n pul k0m k5r0k bo l0di. N0rE Eususiy tushunch0gin0 em0s, b0lki ijtim>iy k0t5g>riyadir. N0rEl0r h0r bir kishining t>v0r E0rid qilishi yoki s>tishig0 t0 sir qilibgin0 q>lm0y, b0lki b0rch0 iqtis>diy j0r0yonl0rni h0m t0rtibg0 s>l0di. N0rE v0 uning o sish d0r0j0sig0 q0r0b b>z>rd0gi v0ziyatg0, t0l0b v0 t0klifg0, m0ml0k0td0gi iqtis>diy h>l0tg0 t0 rif b5rish mumkin. N0rE bir t>m>nd0n n>zik m>sl0shuvch0n v>sit0 bo ls0, ikkinchi t>m>nd0n iqtis>diyotni b>shq0rish b>z>r m5E0nizmining qudr0tli qur>li his>bl0n0di. N0rE t0riEiy k0t5g>riya bo lib, uning vujudg0 k5lishi pulning vujudg0 k5lishi bil0n b>g liq. O z iqtis>diy m0zmunig0 ko r0 n0rE-n0v> milliy d0r>m0dni t0qsiml0sh v0 0yirb>shl0sh j0r0yonl0ri >rq0li j0miyat bil0n uning 0yrim 0 z>l0ri o rt0sid0gi mun>s0b0tl0rni if>d0l0ydi. %0lq ist5 m>l t>v0rl0ri ch0k0n0 n0rEd0 ist5 m>l qilish uchun 0h>lig0 s>til0di. B>z>rl0rd0 n0rE t0l0b- t0klifning t0 siri >stid0 t0shkil t>p0di. N0rE >rq0li yalpi ichki m0hsul>t v0 milliy d0r>m0dni t0qsiml0shning pr>p>rtsiyal0rig0 t0 sir ko rs0til0di. Ishl0b chiq0ruvchil0r bil0n ist5 m>lchil0rning m>ddiy m0nf00tl0rini bir-birig0 b>g l0ydi. U 0h>li f0r>v>nligini o stirishning muhim iqtis>diy v>sit0si bo lib Eizm0t qil0di. B>z>r iqtis>diyotid0 n0rEl0r t0l0b v0 t0klif 0s>sid0 vujudg0 k5l0dig0n erkin b>z>r n0rEl0ri bo lib, m0hsul>t ishl0b chiq0ruvchil0r bil0n ist5Lm>lchil0rni bir-birig0 b>g l0ydi. B>z>r iqtis>diyoti m0vjud j0miyatd0 n0rE iqtis>diy d0st0k t0riq0sid0 0m0l qil0di. N0rE shund0y iqtis>diy v>sit0ki, uning t0 sirid0 iqtis>diyot r0g b0tl0ntiril0di, n0rE >shib k5tishi yoki p0s0yishi t>v0r ishl0b chiq0ruvchil0r >lg0n f>yd0 miqd>rini o zg0rtir0di, f>yd0ning qiling0n s0rf-E0r0j0tl0rg0 nisb0t0n yuq>ri yoki p0st bo lishini t0 minl0ydi. N0rEl0r ishl0b chiq0rish s0m0r0d>rligini >shirishd0, f0n-t5Enik0 t0r0qqiyotini t5zl0shtirishd0, milliy iqtis>diyot mut0n>sibligini t0k>mill0shtirishd0 ishl0til0di. Iqtis>diyot n0z0riyasi d0rslikl0ri v0 o quv qo ll0nm0l0rid0 n0rEl0rni sh0kl0ntirish to g risid0 turli fikrl0r t0lqinl0r qilin0di. Kl0ssik siyosiy iqtis>d m0kt0bi v0kill0ri g >yal0rid0 h0md0 siyosiy iqtis>diyot d0rslikl0rid0 n0rEning 0s>sini qiym0t t0shkil qil0di, d5b ko rs0tilg0n bo ls0, m0rjin0lizm yo n0lishid0gi v0 h>zirgi d0vrd0gi d0rslikl0rd0 t>v0r n0rEining 0s>sini uning n0fliligi t0shkil qil0di, d5b ko rs0t0dil0r. B>shq0 bir guruh >liml0r es0, n0rE t0l0b v0 t0klif 0s>sid0 t0shkil t>p0di, d5g0n fikrni ilg0ri sur0dil0r. Bu fikr ko pr>q b>z>r iqtis>diyotid0n k5lib chiqq0n h>ld0 bo lishi mumkin, chunki b>z>r iqtis>diyotid0 n0rEl0r erkin lib5r0ll0shti-rilg0n v0 shung0 0s>s0n n0rEl0r ko pr>q t0l0b v0 t0klif 0s>sid0 t0shkil t>p0di. Yuq>rid0gi n0rE to g risid0gi fikr v0 g >yal0r 0s>sid0 shund0y yakun qilish mumkinki, n0rE h0r q0nd0y t>v0r qiym0tining puld0gi if>d0si bo lib, bund0 t0l0b v0 t0klif, E0r0j0tl0r yig indisi, n0flilik, r0q>b0t v0 b>shq0 >mill0r 0s>s bo l0di. D5m0k,, n0rE 0l>hid0 >ling0n ishl0b chiq0ruvchil0rning individu0l s0rfl0ri em0s yoki 0l>hid0 >ling0n yakk0 sh0Esl0rning t>v0rning n0fligig0 b5rg0n n0rEi h0m em0s, u j0miyat t>m>nid0n t0n >ling0n ijtim>iy-z0ruriy s0rfl0r v0 j0miyat uchun z0rur bo lg0n miqd>rd0 v0 sif0td0 yar0tilg0n t>v0rl0r if>d0sining n0rEi, t0l0b v0 t0klif 0s>sid0 t0shkil t>pg0n m5hn0t E0r0j0tl0r yig indisining puld0 if>d0l0nishidir. N0rE umum0n ishl0b chiq0rish k>rE>n0l0rini, Eo j0lik sub 5ktl0rini, kichik, o rt0 v0 Eususiy bizn5s k>rE>n0 v0 t0dbirk>rl0rining f0>liyat yuritishid0, ul0rning E0r0j0tl0rini q>pl0shid0 muhim iqtis>diy m5E0nizm bo lib tur0di. T>v0rl0r qiym0ti, ul0rning n0fliligi n0rEd0 n0m>yon bo l0di, t>v0rl0rning E0rid qilinishi uning n0fliligi v0 shu bil0n birg0 qiym0tini h0m t0n >lishni bildir0di. Ijtim>iy qiym0t tushunch0sining o zi bir>r t>v0rning j0miyat uchun n0fliligi, q0dr-qimm0tg0 eg0ligini ko rs0t0di. N0rEl0r m0zmunini 0niql0shd0 t>v0rd0gi m0n0 shu ikki Eil Eususiyatning birligi yangi ist5 m>l qiym0t v0 qiym0tni o zid0 0ks etishi n0rEning m>ddiy 0s>si bo l0di. T>v0rd0gi ikki Eususiyat bir v0qtning o zid0 t0n >linm0s0, u puld0 if>d0l0nm0s0, >ldi-s>tdi s>dir bo lm0ydi. Chunki t>v0rning qiym0ti t>m>nd0 s>tuvchining m0nf00ti, n0fliligi (ist5 m>l qiym0ti), ikkinchi t>m>nid0 es0, E0rid>rning m0nf00ti yot0di. T>v0r eg0si o z t>v0ri uchun k5tg0n s0rfl0rni q>pl0shi m0 lum d0r0j0d0 ko pr>q f>yd0 >lishni t0 minl0shg0 intils0, E0rid>r il>ji b>rich0 s0rf qilin0yotg0n pulning h0r bir birligig0 ko pr>q ist5 m>l qiym0tig0 eg0 bo lishig0 h0r0k0t qil0di. Ul0rning m0nf00tl0ri to g ri k5lg0n nuqt0d0 n0rE o rn0tilib, t>v0rning >ldi-s>tdi j0r0yoni s>dir bo l0di. Bund0y t>v0rning n0rEi m0 lum bir iqtis>diy j0r0yonni if>d0 etuvchi must0qil iqtis>diy tushunch0 ek0nligi t>v0rning ikki Eususiyatig0 0s>sl0nishini, ul0r bil0n ch0mb0rch0s b>g liqlikd0 o zg0rishini ko rish mumkin. Bul0rd0n Eul>s0 qilib 0ytish mumkinki, n0rE r50l b>z>r iqtis>diyoti sh0r>itid0 t>v0r v0 Eizm0tl0rning ijtim>iy qiym0ti v0 ijtim>iy n0fliligining puld0gi if>d0sidir. Qiym0tning b>z>rd0gi ko rinishi t>v0rning yar0tilishid0 m>ddiyl0shg0n v0 j>nli m5hn0t s0rf etil0di. Ul0rning yig indisi qiym0tni yar0t0di. Qiym0t t>v0rni yar0tishg0 k5tg0n ijtim>iy- z0ruriy m5hn0t s0rfi, 0niqr>g i ehtiyojni q>ndir0 >lg0nligi s0b0bli b>z>rd0 t0n >ling0n m5hn0t s0rfidir. N0rEning m0zmunini to l0r>q tushunish, uning d0r0j0sig0 t0 sir etuvchi >mill0rni bilish muhim 0h0miyatg0 eg0dir. Bul0rd0n 0s>siyl0ri: qiym0t yoki ishl0b chiq0rish s0rfl0ri, t>v0rning n0flilik d0r0j0si, shu t>v0rg0 t0l0b v0 t0klif nisb0ti, r0q>b0t h>l0ti, d0vl0tning iqtis>diy siyos0ti v0 b>shq0l0r. Bu >mill0r ichid0 t>v0r qiym0ti v0 n0fliligi uning n0rEini b5lgil>vchi 0s>s bo lib Eizm0t qil0di. B>shq0 >mill0r es0, n0rEning ijtim>iy qiym0t bil0n ijtim>iy n0flilik miqd>ri 0tr>fid0 t5br0nib turishi mumkin. D5m0k,, n0rEning sh0kll0nishid0 0s>siy >mill0rd0n biri qiym0t ek0n, qiym0t t>v0rg0 s0rfl0ng0n m5hn0tni if>d0 et0di. T>v0rni ishl0b chiq0rishd0n t>rtib, ist5 m>lchig0 5tkung0ch0 bo lg0n m5hn0t s0rfl0ri ishtir>k et0di. M5hn0t s0rfi kishil0rning t0l0bini q>ndir0dig0n d0r0j0d0 bo lishi l>zimdir. Kishil0rg0 k5r0kli t>v0rl0rni yar0tish uchun z0rur m5 yord0 s0rfl0ng0n m5hn0t qiym0tni yar0t0di. B5f>yd0 s0rfl0nib, z>5 k5tg0n m5hn0t k5r0gid0n >rtiqch0 miqd>rd0 s0rfl0nib, ehtiyoj q>ndir0 >lm0ydig0n t>v0rl0rg0 k5tg0n m5hn0t qiym0t bo l0 >lm0ydi. Kishil0r t0n >l0dig0n m5hn0t qiym0tni h>sil qil0di v0 ul0rg0 0s>s bo l0di. M5hn0tni t0n >lish yoki t0n >lm0slik b>z>rd0 t>v0rning s>tilishi yoki s>tilm0sligid0 0niq bo l0di. %0rid>r b>z>rd0 o zi uchun eng z0rur n0fli t>v0rni s>tib >l0di. T>v0rning n0f k5ltirish Eususiyati E0rid>rning didig0 to g ri k5lishi, uning ehtiyojini to l0 q>ndir0 >lishi v0 umum0n ist5 m>l j0r0yonid0 E0rid>r to l0 q>niqish h>sil qilishi k0bil0r bil0n b5lgil0n0di. T>v0rning bu Eususiyati, ya ni n0f k5ltirish Eususiyati q0nch0lik kuchli bo ls0, n0rEi h0m shung0 yar0sh0 yuq>ri bo l0di. L5kin n0flilikning ch5g0r0si b>r, u ist5 m>lning to yinishi bil0n b5lgil0n0di. Bund0n k5yin n0rE p0s0yib b>r0di, ya ni z0ruriy miqd>r ch5g0r0sid0n k5yin t0l0b sus0yadi, t>v0rning n0fligi p0s0yadi. M0s0l0n issiq kund0 bir st0k0n g0zli suvni 150 so mg0 >lib ichib bo lg0nd0n k5yin ch0nq>qlik b>silishi bil0n ist5 m>lchi uchun bu suvni n0fligi p0s0yadi, chunki ins>nd0 suvg0 q>niqish h>sil bo ldi. D5m0k,, n0flikning n0rEg0 t0 siri m0 lum v0qtg0ch0 bo lib uning d0v>mid0 n0rE >shishi v0 k5yin es0 p0s0yishi bo l0di. N0flilikk0 yan0 ist5 m>l v0qti h0m t0 sir ko rs0t0di. Ist5 m>l v0qti q0nch0lik qul0y v0 v0qtni t5j0s0, E0rid>r uchun shunch0 m0 qul bo l0di. Ish bil0n b0nd bo lg0n v0 v0qtni t5j0shg0 muht>j E0rid>r qo shimch0 n0rEg0 q0r0m0y buyurtm0 >rq0li t>v0rl0r s>tib >l0di. Mis>l uchun bir >il0 20 t0 s>ms0ning h0r birini 150 so md0n 3000 g0 >lib o z v0qtini 0nch0 t5j0b q>l0di. L5kin o z uyid0 uni qilishi mumkin. Bu >il0 uchun s0rf bo lg0n pul t5j0b q>lg0n v0qt bil0n q>pl0n0di, chunki bu v0qt ichid0 >il0 s0m0r0li m5hn0t bil0n shug ull0n0di. N0rE >mill0rining h0r0k0ti bir yo n0lishd0 b>rm0ydi ul0rning n0rEg0 q0r0m0-q0rshi b>rishi yuz b5r0di. ytilg0n >mill0rning biri n0rEni ko t0rs0, b>shq0si p0s0ytir0di. %ul>s0 qilib 0ytg0nd0, t>v0r qiym0ti miqd>ri, t>v0r n0fligi, r0q>b0t, t0l0b v0 t0klif nisb0ti, d0vl0tning 0r0l0shuvi, firm0 ishl0b chiq0ruvchil0rning b0h> b5lgil0sh str0t5giyasi k0bil0r n0rEl0r sh0kll0-nishining 0s>siy >mill0ri bo lib his>bl0n0di. Ul0rni quyid0gi chizm0d0 ko rish mumkin.  SHAPE \* MERGEFORMAT  N0rE iqtis>diy b0r>m5tr, u b>z>r h>l0tini ko rs0tib tur0di, n0rE p0s0yib k5ts0, t>v0r b>z>ri k0s>dlikk0 uchr0ydi, t>v0r n0fsiz bo lib, uni b>shq0 t>v0r bil0n 0lm0shtirish yoki uning sif0tini tubd0n yaEshil0sh z0rur bo l0di. N0rEni r0q>b0t h0m sh0kll0ntir0di. R0q>b0td0 yutib chiqish yoki yutq0zish n0rE b5lgil0shg0 h0m b>g liq. R0q>b0tl0shuvchi E0rid>rl0r ko p bo ls0, yuq>ri n0rE t0shkil t>p0di. g0r s>tuvchil0r ko p bo lib, ul0r r0q>b0tl0shs0 p0st n0rEl0r vujudg0 k5l0di. Erkin b>z>r bu r0q>b0tli b>z>rdir. Bu y5rd0 s>tuvchil0r h0m E0rid>rl0r h0m ko pchilik bo lib ul0rd0n h5ch biri o z bilg0nich0 n0rEni o rn0t0 >lm0ydi. N0rE r0q>b0t j0r0yonid0 t0shkil t>p0di. yrim t>v0r ishl0b chiq0ruvchil0r o z r0qibl0rini b>z>rd0n siqib chiq0rish v0 E0rid>rl0rni o zl0rig0 >g dirib >lishl0ri uchun imk>ni b>rich0 n0rEni p0s0ytirishd0n f>yd0l0nishg0 urin0dil0r. M0s0l0n, b>z>rd0 bir t>nn0 guruch t0klif etils0, v0 shu guruch 20 t0 s>tuvchi qo lid0 bo ls0, ya ni s>tuvchil0r ko p, bund0 bir kg guruchning n0rEi 350so m, 0g0rd0 bir kishining qo lid0 bo ls0, guruchning 1kg 600-700 so m bo lishi mumkin. Birinchi h>ld0 r0q>b0t kuchli, chunki guruchni t0klif qiluvchil0r ko pchilik, ikkinchi h>ld0 r0q>b0t yo q, t0klif etuvchil0r s>ni k0m, bir o zi t0nh> hukmr>n. D5m0k, t0l0b qiling0n t>v0rning b>z>r n0rEi bil0n uning miqd>ri o rt0sid0 m0 lum nisb0t m0vjud bo l0di, ya ni ul0rni t0l0b d0r0j0si k0m bo l0di. V0 0ksinch0, n0rE q0nch0 p0st bo ls0, s>tib >luvchil0r s>ni v0 s>tib >ling0n t>v0rl0r miqd>ri shunch0 ko p bo l0di. T>v0rl0rning yuq>ri n0rEd0 bo lishi bil0n ul0rni f0q0t puld>r kishil0r s>tib >ls0, n0rEl0rning p0s0yishi bil0n yangi E0rid>rl0rni j0lb qilishg0 imk>niyat yar0til0di. B>z>r n0rEini o zg0rtirish >rq0li r0qibni b>z>rd0n siqib chiq0rib, o z m0vq5ini must0hk0ml0b >l0di. Bir turd0gi yoki o rinb>s0r t>v0rl0r eg0l0ri r0q>b0tl0shg0nd0 n0rEni p0s0ytirish >rq0li E0rid>rni o zig0 j0lb qilishg0 intil0di. Bund0 0rz>n t>v0r eg0si t>v0r s>tilishi ko p0yg0nligid0n f>yd0 ko r0di, t>v0ri qimm0tg0 tushg0n s>hibk>r n0rEni p0s0ytirishg0 il>ji bo lm0g0nligid0n z0r0r ko r0di. B>z>rd0 o z t>v0rl0rini s>tish sh0rt-sh0r>itl0rini E0rid>rl0r uchun qul0yl0shtirib, r0qibni b>z>rd0n surib chiq0rish bil0n n0rEini b5lgil0b >lishi mumkin. Bund0 t>v0r n0rEi p0s0ytirilm0ydi, b0lki E0rid>rg0 mu0yyan yoki imtiyozli Eizm0tl0r ko rs0til0di. M0s0l0n, t>v0rni eltib b5rish, uni E0rid>r didig0 m>sl0b b5rish, t>v0rni ishl0tish yuz0sid0n b5pul m0sl0h0t b5rish 0m0lg0 >shiril0di. N0rEni p0s0ytirish >rq0li v0qtinch0 >z f>yd0g0 h0m r>zi bo lish >rq0li u b>z>rd0 >bro q>z>nib, m0vq5i must0hk0ml0n0di, bu es0, k5l0j0kd0 k0tt0 f>yd0 >lish imk>nini t0 minl0ydi. O zb5kist>n R5spublik0si V0zirl0r M0hk0m0sining ulgurji s0vd> k>rE>n0l0rini riv>jl0ntirishg0 d>ir qo shimch0 ch>r0-t0dbirl0r to g risid0gi 2003 yil 4 f5vr0l q0r>rid0 ulgurji v0 ch0k0n0 s0vd> k>rE>n0l0rig0 s0vd>ni riv>jl0ntirishd0 ko m0kl0shish, ul0r uchun t>v0rl0rni to g rid0n-to g ri >mb>rE>n0l0rd0n t0nl0b >lish v0 E0rid qilish uchun z0rur sh0rt-sh0r>itl0r yar0tib b5rilishi ko rs0tib o tilg0n. M0 lumki, ist5 m>l t>v0rl0ri ishl0b chiq0ruvchi k>rE>n0l0r m0hsul>ti 0h>li qo lig0 5tib b>rgunch0 bir q0nch0 v>sit0chid0n o tib b>rs0, uning n0rEig0 n0rE qo shilib b>r0v5r0di. Bu q0r>rning 0sl m0qs0dl0rid0n biri h0m >r0liqd0gi v>sit0chi h0lq0l0rni qisq0rtirishdir. SHu bil0n birg0, bu q0r>r 0s>sid0 ulgurji s0vd> k>rE>n0l0ri qo shilg0n qiym0t s>lig i to l0shd0n >z>d etil0di. D5m0k,, m0hsul>t n0rEini 0rz>nl0shtirish uchun yan0 bir imk>niyat bo l0di. N0rE iqtis>diy d0st0k v0 Eo j0lik yuritishd0 m5E0nizm bo lishi bil0n birg0, iqtis>diyotd0 bir q0nch0 v0zif0l0rni b0j0r0di. N0rEning iqtis>diyotd0gi v0zif0l0ri ko pgin0 iqtis>diy v0 ijtim>iy sh0rt sh0r>itl0r bil0n b5lgil0n0di. Bund0y sh0rt-sh0r>itl0r birg0likd0 n0rEl0r o z v0zif0sini b0j0rishi uchun ijtim>iy m5hn0t s0rfini t5j0shi, milliy iqtis>diyot m0nf00tl0rining ustun bo lishini t0 minl0shi, ishl0b chiq0rishni r0g b0tl0ntirishi, t0l0b v0 t0klifning o zar> nisb0tini t0rtibg0 s>lishi, b>z>rd0 muv>z0n0t bo lishig0 erishishni t0 minl0shi l>zimdir. N0rEning iqtis>diyotd0gi v0zif0l0ri turlich0 bo lib, ul0r muhim 0h0miyatg0 eg0dir . N0rEning iqtis>diyotd0gi v0zif0l0ri  SHAPE \* MERGEFORMAT  S0rf-E0r0j0tl0rd0n ko rilg0n f>yd0 yoki z0r0r, b0j0rilg0n ish h0jmining h0mm0si n0rEl0r 0s>sid0 his>b-kit>b qilin0di. His>b-kit>b o lch>vi v0zif0sid0 t>v0rl0r ishl0b chiq0rish uchun qiling0n s0rf-E0r0j0t, und0n ko rilg0n f>yd0, b0j0rilg0n ish h0jmi, m0 lum n0rEl0r 0s>sid0 his>b-kit>b qilin0di. H0r q0nd0y ishl0b chiq0rish, s0vd>-s>tiq yoki b>shq0 m5hn0t f0>liyatl0ri E0r0j0tsiz bo lm0ydi. S0rf qiling0n E0r0j0tl0rning h0r biri n5gizid0 E>m-0shyo v0 el5ktr-en5rgiya, 0sb>b-uskun0l0r v0 b>shq0l0rning n0rEi b>rdir. Bu r5sursl0r v0 m5hn0t s0rfining umumiy yig indisi E0r0j0tl0rni t0shkil qilib, uning 0s>sid0 >ling0n d0r>m0d b5lgil0n0di. Ul0rning umumiy o lch>vi pul bo lib, und0 if>d0l0ng0n n0rE 0s>siy v>sit0 Eis>bl0n0di. His>b-kit>b uchun j>riy v0 t0qq>siy n0rEl0r qo ll0nil0di. J>riy n0rEl0r 0m0ld0gi n0rEl0r bo lib, ul0r yord0mid0 yil d0v>mid0gi ishl0r his>bl0n0di. T0qq>sl0sh n0rEl0rid0 m0 lum yil 0s>s qilib >linib, ishl0b chiq0rishning n0tij0l0ri shu n0rEd0 his>b-kit>b qilin0di v0 b>shq0 yill0rd0gi n0rEl0r bil0n t0qq>sl0n0di. Bund0 iqtis>diy o sish din0mik0si milliy d0r>m0d, r50l ish h0qi v0 b>shq0l0r his>bl0n0di. D5m0k,, n0rE v>sit0sid0 qiling0n s0rfl0r v0 >ling0n n0tij0ni, ishl0b chiq0rish v0 ist5 m>l h0jmini o lch0sh yuz b5r0di. %0r0j0tl0r v0 >ling0n f>yd0 miqd>ri n0rEg0 b>g liq bo l0di. N0rEl0rni b>sqichm0-b>sqich erkinl0shtirish d0vrid0 iqtis>diyotd0 r0q>b0tchilik muhitini vujudg0 k5ltirish siyos0ti ilg0ri suril0di. M>n>p>liyag0 q0rshi f0>l ch>r0l0rni 0m0lg0 >shirish uchun R5spublik0mizd0 2005 yil 2-m0yd0 O zb5kist>n R5spublik0si Pr5zid5ntining O zb5kist>n R5spublik0si  M>n>p>liyad0n chiq0rish, r0q>b0t v0 t0dbirk>rlikni qo ll0b-quv0tl0sh d0vl0t qo mit0si ni t0shkil etish to g risid0 f0rm>ni q0bul qiling0n edi. SHu f0rm>ng0 ko r0 b>z>rd0 0t0yl0b t0qchillik h>sil qilish, n0rEl0rni m>n>p>liyal0shtirish, r0q>b0tchil0rning b>z>rg0 kirib b>rishig0 to sqinlik qilish, r0q>b0tning g irr>m usull0rini qo ll0sh m0n etil0di. F0rm>nni buzuvchil0r r0qibig0 5tk0zg0n z0r0rini q>pl0shl0ri, j0rim0 to l0shl0ri, g irr>mlik bil0n >lg0n f>yd0l0rid0n m0hrum etilishl0ri sh0rt ek0nligi ko rs0tilg0n. T0biiy m>n>p>liya k>rE>n0l0ri o zl0rining ichki b>z>rd0gi m>n>p>l m0vq5id0n f>yd0l0nib ishl0b chiq0r0yotg0n m0hsul>t v0 ko rs0til0yotg0n Eizm0tl0r n0rEl0rni 0s>ssiz r0vishd0 sun iy >shirishl0rig0 yo l qo ym0slik m0qs0did0, ul0r ustid0n n0z>r0tni 0m0lg0 >shirish h0m ko rs0tilg0n. 1996 yil 0pr5lL >yid0 q0bul qiling0n O zb5kist>n R5spublik0sining Ist5 m>lchil0rning huquqini him>ya qilish to g risid0gi q>nuni 0s>sid0 h0r q0nd0y E0rid>r s>tib >luvchi yoki do k>ng0 kirg0n sh0Es t>v0r to g risid0, uning Eususiyatl0ri v0 sif0ti, f>yd0l0nish, ishl0tish sh0r>itl0ri, yar>qlilik mudd0ti, k0f>l0tl0ri, shuningd5k, t>v0rni ishl0b chiq0ruvchi uning n0rEi, t>v0r E0vfsizligini t0sdiql>vchi muv>fiqlik s5rtifik0tining m0vjudligi v0 umum0n t>v0r to g risid0gi b0rch0 m0 lum>tl0rini s>tuvchid0n t0l0b qilish huquqig0 eg0dirl0r. B>z>r iqtis>diyotid0 n0rE v>sit0si bil0n v0 n0rEd0n f>yd0l0nm0g0n h>ll0rd0 r0q>b0t >lib b>ril0di. N0rE v>sit0sid0 r0q>b0tl0shuvd0 kur0shning 0s>siy usuli ishl0b chiq0ruvchil0rning o z t>v0rl0ri n0rEl0rini b>shq0 ishl0b chiq0ruvchil0rning shund0y m0hsul>tl0rinikig0 nisb0t0n p0s0ytirish his>bl0n0di. Bund0 yirik ishl0b chiq0ruvchil0r, r0qibl0rini t0rm>qd0n siqib chiq0rish uchun n0rEni v0qti-v0qti bil0n yoki uz>q mudd0t p0s0ytirib tur0di. Bu usulni qo ll0sh uchun ishl0b chiq0ruvchi b>shq0 r0qibl0rig0 q0r0g0nd0 unumlir>q t5En>l>giyal0rni kiritishi, m0l0k0lir>q ishchil0rni yoll0shi v0 ishl0b chiq0rishni yaEshir>q t0shkil qilishi k5r0k bo l0di. F0q0t shund0gin0 uning t>v0rining individu0l qiym0ti b>z>r qiym0tid0n p0st bo lib, m0zkur t>v0r n0rEini tushirish imk>niyatini b5r0di. N0rE v>sit0sid0 r0q>b0tl0shish usull0rid0n biri ishl0b chiq0ruvchil0r o zl0rining t>v0rl0rini b>z>rd0gi n0rEl0rd0n 0yrim h>ll0rd0 t0nn0rEid0n h0m p0st bo lg0n n0rEl0rd0 s>t0dil0r. Shu >rq0li ul0r ichki b>z>rd0 n0rEl0rning b0rq0r>rligig0 erishish, m0ml0k0td0gi >rtiqch0 m0hsul>tl0rni yo q>tish, b>z>rl0rg0 kirib >lish v0 und0 o zl0rining iqtis>diy m0vq5ini must0hk0ml0shg0 h0r0k0t qil0di . N0rEsiz r0q>b0t kur0shining 0s>siy >mili t>v0rl0rning n0rEi em0s, b0lki uning sif0ti, s5rvis Eizm0t ko rs0tish v0 ishl0b chiq0ruvchi firm0ning >bro -e tib>ri his>bl0n0di. N0rEl0rni r0q>b0tsiz v0 r0q>b0tli b>z>rd0 t0shkil t>pishi to g risid0 R>b5rt Pind0yk, D0niel Rubinf5ld o zl0rining Mikr>iqtis>d o quv qo ll0nm0 kit>bl0rid0 muk0mm0l r0q>b0tli b>z>rd0 ko p E0rid>r v0 s>tuvchil0r m0vjud, shu s0b0bli 0l>hid0 >ling0n 0yrim E0rid>r yoki s>tuvchi n0rEg0 k0tt0 t0 sir et0 >lm0ydi, d5b yoz0dil0r. Qishl>q Eo j0ligi m0hsul>tl0ri b>z>rining ko pchiligi muk0mm0l r0q>b0tli b>z>rg0 yaqin tur0di, m0s0l0n mingl0b f5rm5rl0r bug d>y 5tishtir0dil0r, uni es0, mingl0b E0rid>rl0r s>tib >l0dil0r, n0tij0d0 h5ch bir f5rm5r bug d>y n0rEig0 jiddiy t0 sir et0 >lm0ydi. B>z>rl0rd0 E0rid>rl0r v0 s>tuvchil0r o rt0sid0gi >ldi-s>tdi m0 lum n0rEl0rd0 yuz b5r0di. R0q>b0tli b>z>rd0 >d0td0 bitt0 n0rE ustunlik qil0di, bu t>v0rning b>z>r n0rEi, d5yil0di. lb0tt0, t>v0rning b>z>r n0rEi v0qt o tishi bil0n o zg0r0di, h0tt> t5z o zg0r0di. yniqs0, k5ng ist5 m>l t>v0rl0ri bo lmish bug d>y, s>ya, k>f5, n5ftL, >ltin, kumush yoki tiling0n yog >ch-t0Et0 m0t5ri0l0ri n0rEi bir kun yoki h0ft0 d0v>mid0 k5skin >rtishi yoki p0s0yishi mumkin. N0rEning muv>z0n0tini t0 minl0sh v0zif0si t0l0b v0 t0klif muv>z0n0ti >rq0li 0m0lg0 >shib, b>z>rd0gi t0l0b h0jmi yoki t0klifning shung0 m>s k5lishini t0 minl0ydi. N0rE >rq0li 0m0lg0 >sh0dig0n muv>z0n0t t>v0rl0rning yig ilib q>lm0y s>tilib k5tishi, shu bil0n birg0, t>v0r t0qchilligig0 yo l qo ym0ydi. Bu muv>z0n0t ist5 m>lchil0rning o z d0r>m0dl0rig0 yar0sh0 t>v0r s>t0 >lishl0ri v0 ishl0b chiq0ruvchil0rning t0l0big0 0s>s0n ish h0jmini b5lgil0b f0>liyat ko rs0tishl0ri v0 f>yd0 >lishini t0 minl0ydi. Mu>m0l0 >rq0li ishl0b chiq0rish bil0n ist5 m>l o rt0sid0 t5nglik o rn0til0di. D5m0k,, n0rE b>z>rd0gi t0l0b v0 t0klifning h0jmi miqd>rig0 t0 sir etish >rq0li ul0rni muv>z0n0t h>l0tig0 k5ltir0di v0 n0tij0d0 b>z>r muv>z0n0ti yuz0g0 k5l0di. L5kin shuni t0 kidl0b o tish l>zimki, m0ml0k0timizd0 1990 yill0rg0 k5lib n0rE-n0v>ning n>mun>sib tizimi t0rkib t>pg0n edi. U 0yrim mint0q0l0r v0 hududl0r o rt0sid0 0d>l0tli muq>bil 0yirb>shl0shni t0 minl0y >lm0s edi. %>m-0shyo, qishl>q Eo j0ligi m0hsul>tl0rining n0rEi >d0td0 p0s0ytirib yub>rilg0n, ishl>v b5ruvchi v0 q0yt0 ishl>vchi t0rm>ql0r t>v0rl0rining n0rEl0ri es0, sun iy r0vishd0 >shirib yub>rilg0n edi. Qishl>q Eo j0ligi m0hsul>tinig n0rEi r50l m5hn0t s0rfi v0 t0l0bg0 m>s k5lm0ydig0n d0r0j0d0 p0s0ytirilg0nligi n0tij0sid0 ko pl0b Eo j0likl0rning z0r0r ko rib ishl0shi r5j0l0shtirilg0ndi. Ul0r o z j>riy E0r0j0tl0rini yill0r d0v>mid0 q>pl0y >lm0s, d5hq>nning >g ir m5hn0tig0 yar0sh0 h0q to l0y >lm0s, b0rch0 z0rur n0rs0l0r  t5Enik0, urug lik, m>ddiy r5sursl0r ijtim>iy s>h0ni riv>jl0ntirish uchun m0bl0g bil0n o zl0rini t0 minl0y >lm0s edi. Bund0y 0hv>ld0 m5hn0t qilishg0, 5rg0, t5Enik0g0, p0Et0g0, bug d>y v0 qishl>q Eo j0lik m0hsul>tl0rig0 0v0yl0b mun>s0b0td0 bo lishni t0 minl0ydig0n t0 sirch0n m>ddiy r0g b0tl0ntirish usull0ri ish b5rm0y qo ydi. N0rEl0rning d0r0j0si v0 o z0r> nisb0ti ko pgin0 iqtis>diy v0 s>tsi0l sh0rt-sh0r>itl0r 0s>sid0 b5lgil0nishi l>zimdir. Bu sh0rt-sh0r>itl0r b>z>r iqtis>diyotid0 o zg0rm>qd0. N0rEl0r o z v0zif0sini b0j0rish uchun ijtim>iy m5hn0t s0rfini t0qq>sl0shi, 0yirb>shl0shning ekviv0l5ntli bo lishi, E0lq Eo j0ligi m0nf00tl0rining ustun bo lishini t0 minl0shi, ishl0b chiq0rishni r0g b0tl0ntirishi, t0l0b bil0n t0klifning o z0r> nisb0tini t0rtibg0 s>lishi b>z>rd0 muv>z0n0t bo lishini t0 minl0nishi l>zim. Ishl0b chiq0rishd0 n0rEl0r iqtis>diy v>q5likni p0ssiv 0ks ettirm0ydi, b0lki ung0 f0>l t0 sir ko rs0t0di, u s>tsi0l- iqtis>diy riv>jl0nishning muq0rr0r j0d0ll0shishg0 t0 sir et0di, r5sursl0rd0n s0m0r0li f>yd0l0nishig0 >lib b>r0di. M0ml0k0t iqtis>diyotid0 n0rE st0bil bo lishi q0t iy b5lgil0ng0n, 0h>lini s>tib >lish d0r0j0sid0 bo lishi l>zim. M0m0l0k0timiz iqtis>diyotid0gi 0yrim m0hsul>tl0r v0 Eizm0tl0r n0rEi 1992-96 yill0rd0 3995 m0rt0 >shg0nligini ko rish mumkin. N0rE-n0v> o zg0rishi v0 >shib b>rishi bir n5ch0 s0b0b v0 >qib0tl0r n0tij0sid0 s>dir bo lm>qd0. yniqs0, kichik v0 o rt0 bizn5sning b>z>rg0 kirib b>rishid0 m0 muriy to siql0rning bo lishi v0 imp>rt t>v0rl0rg0 b>jE>n0 to l>vl0ri v0 bilv>sit0 s>liql0rning o sib b>rishi o z n0vb0tid0 n0rEl0rning >shishig0 >lib k5l0di. N0rE 0h>lining k0m d0r>m0d >luvchi 0yrim q0tl0ml0rini ijtim>iy him>ya qilish v0zif0sini h0m b0j0r0di. B>z>r mun>s0b0tl0rig0 qiyinchilikl0rsiz v0 ijtim>iy ziddiyatl0rsiz bir t5kisd0 o tib bo lm0sligi ko p m0ml0k0tl0r t0jrib0sid0n m0 lum edi. Shu s0b0bli >d0ml0rni ijtim>iy him>yal0sh bo yich0 kuchli ehtiyot ch>r0-t0dbirl0ri >ldind0n ko rilib b>rildi v0 0m0lg0 >shirildi. Miqd>ri munt0z0m o zg0rtirilib turilg0n ish E0qi, p5nsiyal0r, stip5ndiyal0r, turli n0f0q0l0r, t>v>n to l0sh, 0yrim imtiyozl0r v0 turli d>t0tsiyal0r ko rinishid0gi to l>vl0r k5ng qo ll0nildi. K>rE>n0l0rning o z E>diml0rig0 ijtim>iy yord0m ko rs0tish s>h0sid0gi E0r0j0tl0rid0n bir qismi byudj5t m0bl0g l0ri his>bid0n q>pl0nib b>rildi. M0m0l0k0timiz ichki ist5 m>l b>z>rini him>ya qilish h0md0 >ziq->vq0t m0hsul>tl0ri v0 n>>ziq->vq0t m>ll0ri 0s>siy turl0ri ist5 m>lini mu0yyan d0r0j0d0 s0ql0b turish ch>r0-t0dbirl0ri ko rildi. 1992-94 yill0rd0 n>n v0 n>n m0hsul>tl0ri, go sht v0 go sht m0hsul>tl0ri, sut, q0nd, sh0k0r, o simlik m>yi, kir s>vun, b>l0l0rg0 k5r0kli 0yrim m0hsul>tl0r, k>mmun0l v0 tr0nsp>rt Eizm0tl0ri uchun d>t0tsiyal0r qism0n s0ql0nib q>lindi. Ijtim>iy him>ya 0niq m0qs0dli v0 0h>lining 0niq t0b0q0l0rini q0mr0b >lishi uchun m0h0ll0 >rq0li muht>jl0rg0 yord0m b5rish, ijtim>iy ko m0kl0shishning s0m0r0li v0 eng s>dd0, >chiq yo li bo lib q>ldi. M0h0ll0 >qs>q>ll0ri, ul0rning m0sl0h0tchil0ri v0 f0>ll0ri m0h0ll0d0 yash>vchi h0r bir >il0ning d0r>m0d m0nb0l0rini bil0dil0r. Yoshl0rni ijtim>iy him>yal0shning bir q0nch0 sh0kll0ri >ziq >vq0t n0rEining bir qismini q>pl0ydig0n qo shimch0 to l>vl0r, m0kt0b >shE>n0l0ri v0 t0m0diE>n0l0ri qo shimch0 E0r0j0tl0rning bir qismini byudj5t m0bl0g l0ri his>bid0n q>pl0sh, j0miyat tr0nsp>rtid0 0rz>n n0rE to l0b yurish, b>shq0 5ngillikl0r j>riy etildi. L5kin shuni t0 kidl0sh l>zimki, b>z>r iqtis>diyoti sh0r>itid0 d0vl0t t>m>nid0n b5ril0dig0n v0 ko rs0til0dig0n ijtim>iy him>yaning s0lm>g i k0m0yib b>rishi, h>miyl0r t>m>nid0n ko rs0til0dig0n him>ya >rtib b>rishi z0rurligi riv>jl0ng0n m0ml0k0tl0r t0jrib0sid0n m0 lum. Iqtis>diyotni t0rtibl0sh v0zif0si >rq0li k5r0kli t>v0rl0rni ishl0b chiq0rish t0rtibg0 s>lin0di. N0rE t0 siri >stid0 q0nd0y t>v0rl0rni q0nch0 ishl0b chiq0rish z0rurligini, firm0, k>rE>n0 nim0ni v0 q0nch0 ishl0b chiq0rishini, n0rE 0s>sid0 b>z>r b5lgil0b b5r0di. T0rm>ql0r0r> muv>z0n0tni t0 minl0sh, yuq>ri d0r>m0dli ishl0b chiq0rish bil0n p0st d0r>m0dli ishl0b chiq0rishni riv>jl0ntirish, ul0rning o z0r> nisb0td0 bo lishi t0 minl0n0di. N0rE turl0ri. N0rE siyos0ti B>z>r iqtis>diyoti sh0r>itid0 n0rE turli-tum0n ko rinishl0rd0 0m0l qilib b>r0di. Bund0 n0rEl0r t0 sirining kuchliligi ul0rd0n >milk>r>n0 f>yd0l0nishni t0l0b et0di. Iqtis>diyotning turli s>h0l0rid0gi v0 t0rm>ql0rd0gi ishl0b chiq0rish v0 s>tish sh0r>itl0rining Eilm0-Eilligi h0md0 b>z>r mun>s0b0tl0rining riv>jl0nish d0r0j0sid0gi f0rql0r n0rE turini f0rql0sh z0ruriyatini k5ltirib chiq0r0di. Iqtis>diyotd0 0m0l qilib turg0n b0rch0 n0rE turl0ri n0rE tizimini t0shkil qil0di. N0rE turl0rini quyid0gi chizm0d0 ko rish mumkin. Bu chizm0 .O lm0s>v, M.Sh0rifEo j05vl0rning Iqtis>diyot n0z0riyasi d0rsligi kit>bid0n n0mun0 t0riq0sid0 >linib tuzilg0n.  N0rE tizimi  SHAPE \* MERGEFORMAT  H0r bir n0rE m0 lum m0qs0d v0 v0zif0l0rni b0j0rib b>r0di. N0rEl0rning turlich0 bo lishi iqtis>diyotni v0 0vv0l>, t>v0r-pul mun>s0b0tl0rini k5ng riv>jl0ntirish v0 >lib b>rish uchun qo ll0nil0di. Bu n0rEl0r 0s>sid0 bir t>m>nd0n, 0h>lining m0nf00ti ko zl0ns0, ikkinchi t>m>nd0n, ishl0b chiq0rishni yan0d0 riv>jl0ntirish, Eo j0lik sub 5ktl0rining d0r>m0dg0 eg0 bo lishg0 imk>niyat yar0tib b5rishd0n ib>r0tdir. M0s0l0n, ulgurji n0rEl0r ishl0b chiq0ruvchil0r t>m>nid0n k0tt0 p0rtiyad0gi t>v0rl0r bir yo l0 ko t0r0sig0 s>tilg0nd0, n0rEl0r ishl0b chiq0ruvchil0r v0 t0 min>t-s>tish t0shkil>tl0ri E0r0j0tl0rini q>pl0shi h0md0 ul0rning m0 lum miqd>rd0 f>yd0 ko rishini t0 minl0shi z0rur. Bund0y n0rEl0r t>v0r birj0l0rid0, s0vd> uyl0rid0 yoki s>tuvchi bil0n E0rid>rning b5v>sit0 0l>q0sid0 qo ll0nil0di, ul0r k>ntr0kt (sh0rtn>m0) sh0klid0 bo l0di. B>z>rd0 o z m0vq5ini must0hk0ml0sh v0 r0qibl0rini siqib chiq0rish uchun firm0l0r m0Esus n0rEd0n f>yd0l0nil0diki, ul0r d5mping n0rE yoki b>z>rg0 kirib >lish n0rEi, d5b 0t0l0di. Bund0 b>z>rd0 r0q>b0t m0qs0dl0rid0 o t0 p0st n0rEl0r ishl0til0di, u r0qibl0rini siqib chiq0rib, o z o rnini eg0ll0shd0 qo ll0nil0di. L5kin bu n0rE r0qibni sindirishg0 q0r0tilg0nligi s0b0bli u d0vl0t t>m>nid0n t0qiql0n0di. Shuning uchun firm0l0r uni yashirin qo ll0ydil0r v0 bu ish r0smiy n0rEning bir qismini k5chib yub>rish sh0klid0 bo l0di. S>tish h0jmini o zg0rtirm0sd0n yuq>ri f>yd0 >lishg0 erishish uchun firm0l0r nufuzli n0rEd0n f>yd0l0n0dil0r. Bu n0rEni qo ll0sh uchun b>z>rd0 r0q>b0t ch5kl0ng0n bo lib, m>n>p>l v0ziyat m0vjud bo l0di. M0zkur v0ziyatd0 t0l0b n0rEg0 b>g liq bo lm0ydi, shu s0b0bli n0rEning ko t0rilishi t>v0r s>tilishini k5skin k0m0ytirm0ydi. Bund0y n0rE 0h>lining yuq>ri d0r>m0d >luvchi q0tl0mig0 mo lj0ll0ng0n n0rEdir. Sup5rm0rk5t, s0vd> uyl0rid0 s>til0dig0n m0hsul>tl0r n0rEi 0nch0 yuq>ri bo lib, ul0r 0s>s0n nufuzli >d0ml0r uchun mo lj0ll0ng0ndir. Erkin n0rE  bu t0l0b v0 t0klif 0s>sid0 vujudg0 k5l0dig0n b>z>r n0rEl0ridir. B>z>r sh0r>itid0 erkin n0rE j0miyat v0 b>z>r mun>s0b0tl0rini uyg unl0shtirib b>r0di, t0l0b bil0n t0klifni bir-birig0 b>g l0ydi, ist5 m>lchi v0 s>tuvchil0r m0nf00ti q>ndiril0di. B>z>r iqtis>diyoti sh0r>itid0 n0rEl0rni erkinl0shtirish iqtis>diy isl>h>tl0rning eng 0s>siy yo n0lishl0rid0n biri bo lib, isl>h>tl0rning ijtim>iy-iqtis>diy >qib0tl0ri ko p jih0td0n shu mu0mm>ning h0l etilishig0 b>g liq bo l0di. Ch0k0n0 n0rE, 0h>li ehtiyojl0rining sh0kll0nishig0 t0 sir ko rs0t0di h0md0 t0l0b bil0n t0klifning o z0r> muv>fiq bo lishig0 ko m0kl0sh0di. N0rEl0rning p0s0yishi t>v0rl0rg0 bo lg0n t0l0bning >shishig0 >lib k5l0di. T0l0b bil0n t0klifning umumiy muv>z0n0tli m>s k5lishi ishl0b chiq0rish d0r0j0sig0, m0hsul>tl0rni r50liz0tsiya qilish, n0rEl0r d0r0j0sig0 h0md0 ist5 m>lchil0rning pul d0r>m0dl0ri v0 j0mg 0rm0l0ri b5lgil0b b5r0dig0n to l>v q>biliyatl0rig0 b>g liq bo l0di. Ch0k0n0 n0rEl0r t>v0rl0rni t0klif qilish bil0n t0l0b o rt0sid0gi b>g l>vchi bo g in v0zif0sini b0j0r0di. B>z>r iqtis>diyoti ko l0mi jih0tid0n >ling0nd0, n0rEl0r mint0q0viy-hududiy, milliy v0 E0lq0r> n0rEl0r ko rinishid0 m0vjud bo l0di. Hududiy n0rE f0q0t m0 lum hududiy b>z>rg0 E>s bo lib, shu hudud d>ir0sid0gi >mill0r t0 sirid0n h>sil bo l0di. Milliy b>z>r n0rEi bir m0ml0k0t d>ir0sid0 0m0l qiluvchi v0 ul0rning Eususiyatini 0ks ettiruvchi n0rEl0rdir. Milliy n0rE E0r0j0tl0rni, milliy b>z>rd0gi t0l0b v0 t0klifl0rni, t>v0r n0fliligini, uning q0nch0lik q0drl0nishini his>bg0 >l0di. J0h>n n0rEi mu0yyan t>v0rg0 k5tg0n b0yn0lmin0l E0r0j0tl0rni, t>v0rning j0h>n 0nd>z0si t0l0big0 m>s k5lish d0r0j0sini h0md0 h0lq0r> b>z>rd0gi t0l0b v0 t0klif nisb0tini his>bg0 >l0di. M0ml0k0t iqtis>diyotid0 n0rEl0r turli bo lishi bil0n ul0r bir-biri bil0n o z0r> b>g l0ng0n, chunki ishl0b chiq0rishd0 jud0 ko p r5sursl0r ishl0til0di, ul0rni h0r biri o z n0rEig0 eg0, shuning 0s>sid0 n0rE nisb0ti yoki n0rE p0rit5ti, d5g0n tushunch0 k5lib chiq0di.  P0rit5t d5g0n so zning m0 n>si o z0r> mun>s0b0td0 ikk0l0 t>m>nning t5ngligi, bir>n m0s0l0ni h0l qilish v0qtid0 t>m>nl0rning t5ng huquqli v0k>l0tligidir. D5m0k,, iqtis>diyot yag>n0 bir Eo j0lik bo lishi bil0n birg0, ishl0b chiq0rishd0 jud0 ko p r5sursl0r, ya ni n5ftL, ko mir, m5t0ll v0 b>shq0 buyuml0r ishl0til0di v0 ul0r 0s>sid0 t0yyor m0hsul>t n0rEi sh0kll0n0di, bund0 n0rEl0r nisb0td0 bo l0di. m0ld0 h>zirgi d0vrd0 t>v0r-pul mun>s0b0tl0ri k5ng riv>jl0ng0n sh0r>itd0 n0rE turl0ri q0t>rid0 tij>r0t n0rEl0ri, o zg0ruvch0n n0rE, s>tuvchi n0rEi, E0rid>r n0rEi, m0qs0dli n0rE, g0r>v n0rEl0ri h0m ishl0til0di. Pr5zid5nt I..K0rim>v o zining O zb5kist>n iqtis>diy isl>h>tl0rni chuqurl0shtirish yo lid0 0s0rid0: N0rEl0rni erkinl0shtirish  iqtis>diyotni isl>h qilishning eng 0s>siy mu0mm>l0rid0n bo lib, isl>h qilish j0r0yonl0ri q0ysi yo ld0n b>rishi, q0nd0y ijtim>iy-iqtis>diy >qib0tl0rg0 >lib k5lishi ushbu mu0mm>ni h0l etishg0 t0m>m0n b>g liq d5b ko rs0tg0n. R5spublik0 iqtis>diyotini isl>h qilishning o zig0 E>s t0l0bl0ri, m0ml0k0td0gi v0ziyat v0 0h>lining turmush d0r0j0si his>bg0 >linib, n0rEl0rni 0st0-s5kinlik bil0n b>sqichm0-b>sqich erkinl0shtirish yo li t0nl0b >lindi. h>lini him>yal0sh m0qs0did0 ch5kl0ng0n d>ir0d0gi >ziq->vq0t v0 s0n>0t t>v0rl0ri n0rEl0rining ch5g0r0si b5lgil0b qo yildi, 0yrim turd0gi Eizm0tl0rning eng yuq>ri t0rifl0ri j>riy qilindi. 1991-1994 yill0rd0 r5spublik0mizd0 n0rEl0rni erkinl0shtirishd0 jiddiy o zg0rishl0r ro y b5rdi. Bu d0vr m>b0ynid0 0m0ld0 h0mm0 turd0gi E>m-0shyo v0 t0yyor m0hsul>tning >ldind0n b5lgil0b qo yilg0n n0rEl0rid0n erkin n0rEl0rg0 o tildi, h0mm0 ist5 m>l m>ll0rning n0rEl0ri ustid0n to g rid0n-to g ri d0vl0t n0z>r0ti butunl0y b5k>r qilindi. R5spublik0 V0zirl0r M0hk0m0sining N0rEl0rni erkinl0shtirish ch>r0-t0dbirl0ri to g risid0gi q0r>rig0 muv>fiq 1992 yil 10-yanv0rid0n b>shl0b, O zb5kist>nd0 k5ng d>ir0d0gi ishl0b chiq0rishning t5Enik0 v>sit0si bo lg0n m0hsul>tl0ri, 0yrim turd0gi E0lq ist5 m>l m>ll0ri, b0j0rilg0n ishl0r v0 Eizm0tl0rning k5lishilg0n erkin n0rEl0ri v0 t0rifl0rig0 o tildi. 1993yild0 q0t iy b5lgil0ng0n v0 t0rtibg0 s>lib turil0dig0n n0rEl0rd0 s>til0dig0n t>v0rl0r v0 ko rs0til0dig0n Eizm0tl0rning ro yE0ti 0nch0 qisq0rdi. 1993 yild0 n0rEl0rni erkinl0shtirishning hususiyati shund0n ib>r0t bo ldiki, bu b>sqichd0 k5lishilg0n ulgurji n0rEl0rni d0vl0t t>m>nid0n t0rtibg0 s>lish b0t0m>m to Et0tildi. 1995 yil >ktyabrL-n>yabrL >yl0ri n0rEl0rni erkinl0shtirish j0r0yonid0 muhim b>sqich bo ldi. Bu d0vrd0 E0lq ist5 m>l m>ll0ri 0s>siy turl0rining n0rEl0ri erkin qo yib yub>rildi, tr0nsp>rt v0 k>mmun0l Eizm0tl0rning t0rifl0ri >shirildi. Iqtis>diyotning isl>h qilishning birinchi b>sqichi n0rEl0rni to l0 erkinl0shtirish bil0n tug0di. Kund0lik turmushd0 E0rid qilin0dig0n t>v0rl0r v0 Eizm0tl0r n0rEning >shishi, n0rEl0rning o zg0rishi b5v>sit0 minim0l ro zg >r E0lt0si ning to lishig0 t0 sir qil0di. Minim0l ro zg >r E0lt0si -mu0yyan d0vr ichid0 m0hsul>tl0r v0 Eizm0tl0r n0rEi to pl0mid0n ib>r0t bo l0di. O zb5kist>n R5spublik0si Prizid5nti I..K0rim>v liy M0jlis Q>nunchilik p0l0t0si v0 S5n0tining qo shm0 m0jlisd0gi m0 ruz0sid0 ...0h>li d0r>m0dl0rining o sishi n0rE-n0v>ning ko t0rilishig0 ya ni inflyatsiyag0 >lib k5lm0sligi l>zim d5b t0 kidl0b o tg0n. N0rEl0r st0bil bo lishini t0 minl0sh muhim ijtim>iy-iqtis>diy 0h0miyatg0 eg0. Hukum0timiz 0h>li d0r>m0dl0rini o sib b>rishini t0 minl0shg0 k0tt0 e tib>r b5rib k5lm>qd0. TAKRORLASH UCHUN SAVOLLAR T0l0bni q>ndirilishig0 nim0 b>g liq? T0klifg0 t0 sir etuvchi >mill0rni yoritib b5ring. 3. B>z>rd0gi t0l0b v0 t0klifni kim o rg0n0di? 4. T0l0b q>nuni nim0d0n ib>r0t? 5. B>z>r iqtis>diyoti sh0r>itid0 pulg0 t0l0b v0 t0klifning o zg0ruvch0nligini b0yon eting. 6. B>z>r iqtis>diyoti sh0r>itid0 n0rEl0r q0nd0y sh0kll0n0di? 7. N0rE tushunch0si nim0d0n ib>r0t? 8. Q0nd0y n0rE turl0rini bil0siz? 9. Nim0 s0b0bd0n n0rEl0r >shib b>r0di? 10. N0rE di0p0z>ni nim0d0n ib>r0t? 11. B>z>r muv>z0n0ti q0nd0y h>ld0 t0shkil t>p0di?  Manbaa: O zbekiston Respublikasi Davlat mulk qo mitasi.  I.A.Karimov. O zbekiston XXI asrga intilmoqda. ".  O zbekiston , 1999, 34-b5t.  .O lmasov, .Vahobov Iqtisodiyot nazariyasi. ".  Sharq , 2006, 224-b5t.  ..>1@K=8=, .!."0@0A528G -:>=><8G5A:0O B5>@8O, >A:20 8B5@, 2008. AB@. 112   Dictionary of Economics by Heather Bateman, Katy McAdam, P. H. Collin page 95.A&C Black London 2003 eISBN-13: 978-1-4081-0221-3  Iqtisodchi olim, J. Nesha (QSH) nomi bilan atalgan.  I.A.Karimov. O zbekiston XXI 0srga intilmoqda. ".  O zbekiston , 1999, 34-b5t.  I.A.Karimov.  Bizning bosh maqsadimiz  jamiyatni demokratlashtirish va yangilash, mamlakatni modernizatsiya va isloh etishdir ".: O zbekiston, 2005, 76-77-betlar.  Roberd Pindyaj, Daniel Rubinfeld  Mikroiqtisod Inglizchadan qisqartirib tarjima qilingan. O quv qo llanmasi.  Sharq nashryoti. ">shkent 2002-yil 17-b5t.  . O lmasov, . Sharifxo jayev  Iqtisodiyot nazariyasi darslik. ">shkent.  5hnat 1995 y. 307-b5t.  I..0rimov  O zbekiston iqtisodiy islohotlarini chuqurlashtirish yo lida ".  O zbekiston 1995-yil 89-b5t.  I..0rimov  Bizning bosh maqsadimiz  jamiyatni demokratlashtirish va yangilash, mamlakatni modernizatsiya va isloh etishdir . liy Majlis Qonunchilik palatasi va Senatining qo shma majlisidagi ma ruzasi.  %0lq so zi gazetasi 2005-yil 29-yanvar.     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