ࡱ> #& !"[]bjbj4ΐΐ 4(\ |||8Tǃ*$N<E|<||!8!8!8t||!8!8!8fxF`, ^~D0ǃ~6F|F!8<<7^ǃ( : IV-BO LIM JAHON XO JALIGI 15-mavzu. JHN %O JLIGI V UNING RIVJLNISH QNUNIYATLRI. JHN BZRI R5j0. J0h>n Eo j0ligining t0shkil t>pishi, b>sqichl0ri v0 0s>siy b5lgil0ri. %0lq0r> m5hn0t t0qsim>ti h0md0 E0lq0r> iqtis>diy int5gr0tsiya E0lq0r> iqtis>diy 0l>q0l0rning 0s>si v0 riv>jl0nish >mili sif0tid0. J0h>n b>z>ri, uning t0rkibi. %0lq0r> v0lyut0 tizimi. %0lq0r> kr5dit, ung0 Eizm0t qiluvchi mu0ss0s0l0r. TAYANCH TUSHUNCHALAR Jahon xo jaligi, xalqaro m5hnat taqsimoti, ishlab chiqarishning baynalminallashuvi, xalqaro iqtisodiy int5gratsiya, erkin iqtisodiy hududlar, jahon bozori, eksport, import, to lov balansi, xalqaro kr5dit, xalqaro migratsiya, valyuta konv5rtatsiyasi. International labour distribution, international economic integration, payment balance, international migration. DBIYOTLR 1. O zb5kist>n R5spublik0si q>nuni.O zb5kist>n R5spublik0sining t0shqi iqtis>diy f0>liyati to g risid0. O zb5kist>nning yangi q>nunl0ri. 1998 y. 2. O zb5kist>n R5spublik0sining q>nuni. O zb5kist>nd0 ch5t el inv5stitsiyal0ri v0 ch5t el inv5st>rl0ri f0>liyatining k0f>l0tl0r to g risid0.  d>l0t 1994- 1998 y. 3. I..K0rim>v O zb5kist>n  b>z>r mun>s0b0tl0rig0 o tishning o zig0 E>s yo li. T.: O zb5kist>n 1993 y. 89-99 b5tl0r. 4. I..K0rim>v O zb5kist>n iqtis>diy isl>h>tl0rni chuqurl0shtirish yo lid0. T. O zb5kist>n 1995 y. 1-qism. 7-bo lim. 102-107,110-119 b5tl0r. 5. I..K0rim>v O zb5kist>n XXI 0sr bo s0g 0sid0 E0vfsizlikk0t0Edid, B0rq0r>rlik sh0rtl0ri v0 t0r0qqiyot k0f>l0tl0ri.T: O zb5kist>n 1997 y. 184-290, 296-306 b5tl0r. 6. I..K0rim>v O zb5kist>n XXI 0srg0 intilm>qd0 T: O zb5kist>n 1999 y. 35-37, 56-68 b5tl0r. 7. I..K0rim>v Bizning b>sh m0qs0dimiz-j0miyatni d5m>kr0tl0shtirish v0 yangil0sh, m0ml0k0tni m>d5rniz0tsiya v0 isl>h etishdir T.:O zb5kist>n 2005 y. 34-36, 68-76 b5tl0r 8. I..K0rim>v  J0h>n m>liyaviy-iqtis>diy inqir>zi, O zb5kist>n sh0r>itid0 uni b0rt0r0f etishning yo ll0ri v0 ch>r0l0ri T>shk5nt O zb5kist>n 2009 y., 3-6 b5tl0r. 9. I..K0rim>v M0ml0k0timizni d5m>kr0tik yangil0sh v0 m>d5rniz0tsiya qilishg0 q0r0tilg0n t0r0qqiyot yo limizni q0t iyat bil0n d0v>m ettirish  b>sh m0qs0dimizdir. T.  O zb5kist>n >v>zi 2014 y. 6 d5k0br. 10. I..K0rim>v M0ml0k0timizni d5m>kr0tik yangil0sh v0 m>d5rniz0tsiya qilishg0 q0r0tilg0n t0r0qqiyot yo limizni q0t iyat bil0n d0v>m ettirish  b>sh m0qs0dimizdir. T.  O zbekiston ovozi g0z5t0si 2014 y. 6 d5k0br. 11. I.A.Karimov  2015 yilda iqtisodiyotimizda tub tarkibiy ozgarishlarni amalga oshirish, modernizatsiya va diversifikatsiya jarayonlarini izchil davom ettirish hisobidan xususiy mulk va xususiy tadbirkorlikka keng yol ochib berish ustuvor vazifamizdir. T.: Xalq sozi 2015 y. 17 yanvar. 12. SH.SH>dm>n>v, U.V.G >fur>v Iqtis>diyot n0z0riyasi. T: M>liya 2005 y. 662-680, 681-758 b5tl0r. 13. .O lm0s>v, .V0h>b>v Iqtis>diyot n0z0riyasi. T.: M>liya 2014 y. 361-377 b5tl0r. 14. D.T>jib>5v0 Iqtis>diyot n0z0riyasi. T. Sh0rq 2003 y. 351-375, 376-409 b5tl0r 15. N.B5kn>z>v. Iqtis>diyot n0z0riyasi. T.: TDYUI 2005 y. 395-417,418-450 b5tl0r. !het el adabiyotlari: 13. ..>1@K=8=, .!."0@0A528G -:>=><8G5A:0O B5>@8O, >A:20 8B5@, 2008. AB@. 461-496. 14. -428= 6. >;0=, 59284 . 8=4A59 K=>: <8:@>M:>=><8G5A:0O <>45;L. 5BB8A15@3 :>;;546 (5=A8;L20=8O, !() , >A:20 19963.403-417. J0h>n Eo j0ligining t0shkil t>pishi, b>sqichl0ri v0 0s>siy b5lgil0ri Bugungi kund0 j0h>n Eo j0ligining riv>jl0nishi milliy iqtis>diyotl0rning b0yn0lmin0ll0shuvi 0s>sid0 j0h>n Eo j0ligi v0 j0h>n b>z>rining t0shkil t>pishi v0 riv>jl0nib, k5ng0yib b>rishi bil0n b>g liq. M0 lumki, h>zirgi gl>b0ll0shuv j0r0yonid0 h0r bir m0ml0k0t iqtis>diyotining riv>jl0nishi, k5ng0yish d0r0j0si f0q0t o zining ichki imk>niyatl0ri bil0n em0s, b0lki ul0rning E0lq0r> m5hn0t t0qsim>tid0 ishtir>k etish d0r0j0si v0 ko l0mi bil0n b5lgil0n0di. SHuning uchun bu m0vzud0 j0h>n Eo j0ligining t0rkib t>pishi, ishl0b chiq0rishning b0yn0lmin0ll0shuvi, iqtis>diy int5gr0tsiya uning m>hiyati, m0qs0d v0 sh0kll0ri, milliy iqtis>diyotni j0h>n iqtis>diyotig0 int5gr0tsiyal0sh j0r0yoni, uni dunyo m0ml0k0tl0ri bil0n b>g l0ng0nligi, iqtis>diy mun>s0b0tl0rid0 E0lq0r> s0vd>ning riv>jl0nishi, iqtis>diy 0l>q0l0rd0 tutg0n o rni, E0lq0r> m>liya-v0lyut0-kr5dit mun>s0b0tl0ri, v0lyut0 tizimi, v0lyut0 kursi v0 v0lyut0 siyos0ti, ul0rg0 t0 sir etuvchi >mill0r b0yon etil0di. H>zirg0 q0d0r iqtis>diy h>dis0l0r, 0s>s0n, 0l>hid0 >ling0n m0ml0k0t E0lq Eo j0ligid0 q0nd0y n0m>yon bo ls0, shund0y o rg0nib k5lindi. Chunki m0ml0k0tning q0y d0r0j0d0 riv>jl0ng0nligi 0yn0n milliy Eo j0likl0rd0gi 0hv>lg0 ko p jih0td0n b>g liq. yni v0qtd0 milliy Eo j0likl0r 0l>hid0 >ling0n d0vl0tl0r miqyosid0 t0riE0n q0r>r t>pg0n h0yotning m>ddiy v0 ijtim>iy sh0r>itl0rini t0kr>r ishl0b chiq0rish tizimi sif0tid0 n0m>yon bo l0di. Turli m0ml0k0tl0rning bir butun ichki iqtis>diy tiziml0ri yig indisi E0lq0r> m5hn0t t0qsim>ti v0 E0lq0r> iqtis>diy mun>s0b0tl0r riv>jl0nishining 0s>sini t0shkil et0di. H0r bir m0ml0k0td0 m0vjud bo lg0n iqtis>diy-ijtim>iy sh0rt-sh0r>itl0r shu m0ml0k0tning j0h>n iqtis>diyotig0 qo shilish E0r0kt5rini v0 E0lq0r> mun>s0b0tl0r turini b5lgil0ydi. J0h>n Eo j0ligi, bu o z0r> E0lq0r> m5hn0t t0qsim>ti v0 m5hn0t k>>p5r0tsiyasi, h0md0 bir-biri bil0n b>g liq m0 lum o z0r> iqtis>diy mun>s0b0tl0rd0 bo lg0n milliy Eo j0likl0rning yaElit tizimi.  J0h>n Eo j0ligi mur0kk0b v0 ko p qirr0li iqtis>diy v>q5lik bo lib, uning h>zirgi h>l0ti ko p 0srlik ev>lyutsiya n0tij0sidir. J0h>n Eo j0ligi o z riv>jl0nishid0 bir n5ch0 b>sqichd0n o tg0n. D0stl0bki b>sqich l>k0l E0lq0r> b>z>rl0r t0rzid0 n0m>yon bo lg0n. Q0dimd0n s0vd>g0rl0r t>m>nid0n >lib b>rilg0n d5ngiz v0 k0rv>n s0vd>si bung0 mis>l bo l0 >l0di. Uning 0s>siy m0rk0zl0ri %it>y, %indist>n, Yaqin Sh0rq v0 O rt0 y5r d5ngizi bo yi d0vl0tl0ri bo lib, 0yirb>shl0shd0 m0t>l0r, z5b-ziyn0t buyuml0ri, zir0v>rl0r v0 0yrim min5r0l E>m-0shyol0r ko pr>q 0h0miyat k0sb etg0n. (Buyuk Ip0k Yo li). Ikkinchi b>sqich m0ml0k0tl0r0r> E0lq0r> s0vd> ko rinishig0 eg0 bo lg0n. XV-XVII 0srl0rd0gi buyuk g5>gr0fik k0shfiyotl0r n0tij0sid0 E0lq0r> s0vd> k5ng0yib, qit 0l0r0r> iqtis>diy 0l>q0l0r yuz0g0 k5ldi. Uchinchi b>sqichd0 E0lq0r> s0vd> umumj0h>n E0r0kt5ri k0sb et0di. S0n>0t inqil>bid0n so ng (XVIII 0sr >Eiri  XIX 0sr birinchi yarmi) min5r0l E>m-0shyo bil0n bir q0t>rd0 qishl>q Eo j0lik v0 s0n>0t m0hsul>tl0ri 0yirb>shl0shning 0s>siy >b 5ktig0 0yl0ndi. M0ml0k0tl0r o rt0sid0 bu b>sqichd0 E>m-0shyo chiq0r0dig0n v0 s0n>0ti t0r0qqiy etg0n m0ml0k0tl0r 0jr0lib chiq0 b>shl0di. K5yingi b>sqich umumj0h>n Eo j0ligi ko rinishid0 yuz0g0 k5l0di. %0lq0r> iqtis>diy mun>s0b0tl0rd0 >g irlik m0rk0zi s0vd> s>h0sid0n ishl0b chiq0rish s>h0sig0 ko chdi. %0lq0r> iqtis>diy 0l>q0l0rning s0vd>g0 t5gishli bo lm0g0n sh0kll0rining riv>jl0nishi XIX 0sr >Eirid0n b>shl0ndi. Shu b>sqichd0 j0h>n Eo j0ligi q0r>r t>pib bo ldi. J0h>n Eo j0ligi t0r0qqiyotid0gi h>zirgi b>sqich 0yniqs0 muhim his>bl0n0di. Bu b>sqich %% 0srning >Eirgi ch>r0gid0 b>shl0nib, 0vv0lgi b>sqichl0rid0n h0r jih0td0n tubd0n f0rq qil0di. G0rchi j0h>n Eo j0ligig0 E>s b5lgil0r bu b>sqichd0 h0m n0m>yon bo ls0d0, shu bil0n birg0, E0lq0r> iqtis>diy mun>s0b0tl0rning mutl0q> yangi Eususiyatl0ri sh0kll0ndi. Ul0r: 0) ijtim>iy ishl0b chiq0rishning s0m0r0li, yuq>ri t5En>l>giyal0rg0 h0md0 r5surs t5j0m tipl0rig0 suyan0dig0n 0Eb>r>tl0shg0n iqtis>diyotning sh0kll0nishi; b) k>nv5yrl0shg0n, >mm0viy-ist5 m>lg0 0s>sl0ng0n industri0l tizimning 0l>hid0 >ling0n ist5 m>lchig0 mo lj0ll0ng0n tizimg0 0yl0nishi; v) milliy iqtis>diyotning >chiqlik t5nd5ntsiyal0rining kuch0yishi; g) E0lq0r> k>rp>r0tsiyal0r 0h0miyati kuch0yib b>r0yotg0n sh0r>itl0rd0 d0vl0tning iqtis>diyotni t0rtibg0 s>lish r>lining o sishi; d) birg0likd0 h0mk>rlikni t0q>z> et0dig0n gl>b0l (>l0mshumul) mu0mm>l0r z0rurligining kuch0yishi v0 ul0rni birg0likd0 5chish v0 b>shq0l0r. Shuni 0l>hid0 t0 kidl0sh l>zimki, E0lq0r> iqtis>diy 0l>q0l0r q0y sh0kld0 n0m>yon bo lm0sin, u h0mish0 bir m0qs0dni  riv>jl0nishni, ist5 m>lchil0r uchun es0 d0r>m0dl0rni il>ji b>rich0 ko p0ytirishni ko zl0ydi. H>zirgi z0m>n dunyosi 250 g0 yaqin d0vl0tl0rni o z ichig0 >l0di. Bu d0vl0tl0rning h0r biri j0h>n Eo j0ligid0 o z mun>sib o rnig0 eg0 bo lib, E0lq0r> 0l>q0l0rg0 o z t0 sirini o tk0zib k5lm>qd0. Iqtis>diy b5lgil0rig0 ko r0, j0h>n m0ml0k0tl0rini turlich0 guruhl0sh mumkin. Iqtis>diy 0d0biyotl0rd0 ko pinch0 Eo j0lik tiziml0rining o zig0 E>sligig0, riv>jl0nish d0r0j0sig0, 0s>siy f0>liyat turig0 h0md0 r5gi>n0l birl0shm0l0rig0 q0r0b m0ml0k0tl0rni 0jr0tib ko rs0tish ko p uchr0ydi. %o j0lik tiziml0rining o zig0 E>sligig0 ko r0, b>z>r iqtis>diyoti t0r0qqiy etg0n m0ml0k0tl0r, b>z>r iqtis>diyoti riv>jl0n0yotg0n m0ml0k0tl0r v0 b>z>r iqtis>diyotig0 o tm0g0n m0ml0k0tl0r m0vjud. Riv>jl0nish d0r0j0si bo yich0 yuks0k riv>jl0ng0n, o rt0ch0 riv>jl0ng0n v0 q>l>q m0ml0k0tl0rni 0jr0tib ko rs0tish mumkin. Yuks0k riv>jl0ng0n m0ml0k0tl0rg0 5r yuz0sid0gi 30 g0 yaqin d0vl0tl0r m0nsub bo lib, ul0rd0 dunyo 0h>lisining ch>r0kk0 yaqin qismi istiq>m0t qil0di. Bu d0vl0tl0r j0h>n YAIM ining t0Emin0n 70 % ini, s0n>0t m0hsul>tining 70-75 % ini ishl0b chiq0r0dil0r. J>n b>shig0 ishl0b chiq0rilg0n YAIM bu d0vl0tl0rd0 eng k0mid0 yilig0 10 ming d>ll0rni t0shkil et0di. Yuks0k riv>jl0ng0n m0ml0k0tl0rg0 >d0td0, d0r>m0dl0rning nisb0t0n t5kis t0qsiml0nishi, t5rrit>riyal0rning nisb0t0n t5kis o zl0shtirilishi, iqtis>diyotning ijtim>iy jih0td0n yo n0ltirilg0nligi, f0ng0 k0pit0l s0rfl0rning k0tt0ligi (YAIM g0 nisb0t0n 3-5%) E>sdir. Shuningd5k, bu d0vl0tl0rd0 yuq>ri t5En>l>giyag0 0s>sl0ng0n s>h0l0rning t5z o sib b>rishi kuz0tilm>qd0. J0h>n iqtis>diyoti v0 siyos0tid0 tutg0n o rnig0 q0r0b, yuks0k riv>jl0ng0n d0vl0tl0rni uch guruhg0 bo lish mumkin. Birinchi guruhg0 QSH, Yap>niya, G5rm0niya, Fr0ntsiya, Buyukbrit0niya, It0liya, K0n0d0ni kiritish mumkin. Bu d0vl0tl0r m5hn0t unumd>rligining yuq>ri d0r0j0si, f0n v0 t5Enik0ning yuks0k d0r0j0d0 riv>jl0ng0nligi 0h>li d0r>m0dl0rining j>n b>shig0 yuq>riligi bil0n h0qli r0vishd0 5t0kchilik qil0dil0r. Ikkinchi guruhg0 t5rrit>riyasi jih0td0n kichik, l5kin ijtim>iy-iqtis>diy riv>jl0nish d0r0j0si jih0td0n yuq>ri bo lg0n vstriya, B5lgiya, D0niya, G>ll0ndiya, Shv5tsiya k0bi 14 d0vl0t kir0di. Uchinchi guruh d0vl0tl0rig0 vstr0liya, J0nubiy frik0 R5spublik0si v0 Isr>il m0nsubdir. J0h>n m0ml0k0tl0ri ichid0 riv>jl0n0yotg0n m0ml0k0tl0r ko p s>nli his>bl0n0di. Ul0rg0 E>s umumiy jih0t iqtis>diyotning 0gr0r, min5r0l E>m-0shyog0 0s>sl0ng0ni, q0yt0 ishl0sh s0n>0tining sust riv>jl0ng0nligi, ichki b>z>rning t>rligi, j0h>n Eo j0lik tizimid0 5t0kchi m0ml0k0tl0r  s>yasid0 q>lish his>bl0n0di. Shu bil0n birg0, riv>jl0n0yotg0n m0ml0k0tl0r o z0r> h0m f0rq qil0dil0r. Ul0r ichid0 L>tin m5rik0sining rg5ntin0, Br0ziliya, V5n5suel0, M5ksik0, Urugv0y h0md0 siyoning yangi industri0l m0ml0k0tl0ri Sing0pur, J0nubiy K>r5ya, T0yv0n, G>nk>ng 0l>hid0 o rin tut0dil0r. Bu d0vl0tl0r o z riv>jl0nish d0r0j0si bo yich0 t0r0qqiy etg0n m0ml0k0tl0rg0 yaqinl0shib b>rm>qd0. Riv>jl0n0yotg0n m0ml0k0tl0r ichid0 n>yob t0biiy r5sursl0rg0, birinchi n0vb0td0 n5ftg0 b>y bo lg0n B0Er0yn, Birl0shg0n r0b mirlikl0ri, Ir>q, S0udiya r0bist>ni, Q0t0r, Quv0yt, Liviya, Er>n 0l>hid0 guruhni t0shkil et0di. Bu m0ml0k0tl0r t0biiy b>ylikl0r his>big0 0h>li j>n b>shig0 >lg0nd0 yuq>ri d0r>m0dg0 eg0l0r. Uchinchi guruhg0 m0nsub m0ml0k0tl0r 0ks0riyatni t0shkil etib, ul0rd0 o rt0ch0 YAIM j>n b>shig0 >lg0nd0 1000 d>ll0r 0tr>fid0 to g ri k5l0di. Bul0r  K>lumbiya, Gm0t5m0l0, P0r0gv0y, Tunis v0 b>shq0l0rdir. K5yingi guruhg0 0h>lisi, t5rrit>riyasi, t0biiy s0l>hiyati h0md0 iqtis>diy riv>jl0nish imk>niyatl0ri ulk0n bo lg0n Hindist>n, P>kist>n v0 Ind>n5ziya kirg0n bo lib, bu d0vl0tl0r E0lq0r> iqtis>diy 0l>q0l0rd0 muhim o rin eg0ll0s0l0rd0, j>n b>shig0 to g ri k5l0dig0n ishl0b chiq0rish v0 ist5 m>l h0jmi bo yich0 p0st ko rs0tkichl0rg0 eg0. fg >nist>n, B0ngl0d5sh, B5nin, S>m0li, Ch0d k0bi bir q0t>r q>l>q m0ml0k0tl0r h0m m0vjud. Bu d0vl0tl0r t0shqi dunyo bil0n jud0 bo sh b>g l0ng0n bo lib, ul0r iqtis>diyotining 0s>sini qishl>q Eo j0ligi t0shkil et0di. X0lq0r> m5hn0t t0qsim>ti h0md0 E0lq0r> iqtis>diy int5gr0tsiya E0lq0r> iqtis>diy 0l>q0l0rning 0s>si v0 riv>jl0nish >mili sif0tid0 J0h>n m0ml0k0tl0ri bir-birid0n t0biiy-iqlimiy sh0r>itl0ri, ishl0b chiq0rishning m0vjud t5Enik d0r0j0si, ijtim>iy-iqtis>diy mun>s0b0tl0ri bo yich0 f0rq qil0di. O z 0h>lisining t>b>r0 o sib b>r0yotg0n ehtiyojl0rini q>ndirish uchun h0mm0 n0rs0ni o zi ishl0b chiq0r0dig0n milliy iqtis>diyot m0vjud em0s. yrim m0hsul>tl0rni ishl0b chiq0rish bo yich0 m0ml0k0tl0r o rt0sid0 m0vjud bo lg0n f0rql0r m5hn0t t0qsim>tining yangi d0r0j0sini  E0lq0r> m5hn0t t0qsim>tini tug dir0di. n0 shu m5hn0t t0qsim>tining n0z0riy 0s>sl0rini o z v0qtid0 .Smit  mutl>q 0fz0llikl0r n0z0riyasid0, D.Rik0rd> es0  nisbiy 0fz0llikl0r n0z0riyasid0 ilg0ri surg0n edil0r. g0r .Smit E0lq0r> 0yirb>shl0sh bil0n b>g liq h>dis0l0rni t0hlil qil0 turib, q0nd0y t>v0rl0rni eksp>rt qilish v0 q0nd0yl0rini imp>rt qilish Eususid0 fikr bildirg0n bo ls0, D.Rik0rd> uning fikrl0rini yan0d0 riv>jl0ntirib, 0fz0llikl0r n0f0q0t m0ml0k0tl0r o rt0sid0gi, b0lki hududl0r, s>h0l0r v0 b>shq0 d0r0j0l0rd0gi f0rql0rg0 t0yanishini isb>tl0b b5rg0n. Bu g >ya bugungi kund0 h0m o z 0h0miyatini yo q>tm0g0n. Shuni 0l>hid0 t0 kidl0sh l>zimki, d0stl0bki d0vrl0rd0 E0lq0r> m5hn0t t0qsim>tining yuz0g0 k5lishid0 0s>s0n t0biiy sh0r>itl0rd0gi f0rql0r muhim o rin tutg0n bo ls0, m0shin0l0shg0n ishl0b chiq0rishning yuz0g0 k5lib, riv>jl0nib b>rishi bil0n birinchi o ring0 m0hsul>tning ijtim>iy qiym0ti o rt0sid0gi t0v>futl0r chiq0 b>shl0di. Mis>l t0riq0sid0 quyid0gi h>l0tni k5ltirish mumkin. Subtr>pik m0ml0k0tl0r v0 QSHni >l0ylik. Yuq>rid0gil0rd0n k5lib chiqib, subtr>pik m0ml0k0tl0rd0 m5v0-ch5v0l0r 5tishtirish, QSH d0 es0 yuq>ri t5En>l>giyal0rg0 0s>sl0ng0n h>ld0 k>mpLyut5rg0 o Esh0g0n ilmiy s0l>hiyatni ko pr>q t0l0b qil0dig0n buyuml0rni ishl0b chiq0rish m0qs0dg0 muv>fiqdir. Bu h>l m0ml0k0tl0r o rt0sid0gi iqtis>diy 0l>q0l0rni z0ruriyatg0 0yl0ntir0di. D5m0k, E0lq0r> m5hn0t t0qsim>ti  bu m0ml0k0tl0r o rt0sid0gi m5hn0t t0qsim>ti bo lib, u 0l>hid0 >ling0n milliy Eo j0likl0rning o zl0ri uchun iqtis>diy jih0td0n f>yd0li bo lg0n u yoki bu m0hsul>tl0rni ishl0b chiq0rishg0 iEtis>sl0shuvidir. %0lq0r> m5hn0t t0qsim>ti j0h>n m0ml0k0tl0ri o rt0sid0gi f0n-t5Enik0, ishl0b chiq0rish, s0vd>-s>tiq v0 b>shq0 iqtis>diy 0l>q0l0rning >b 5ktiv 0s>sidir. %uddi 0n0 shu 0s>sid0 ishl0b chiq0rishning b0yn0lmin0ll0shuvi 0m0lg0 >sh0di. B0yn0lmin0ll0shuv shund0y E0lq0r> iqtis>diy mun>s0b0tl0rni if>d0l0ydiki, uning ishtir>kchil0ri d0vl0t ch5g0r0l0rining m0vjudligig0 q0r0m0y, umumiy Eo j0lik tizimining t0rkibiy qismi sif0tid0 f0>liyat yurit0dil0r. Bung0 yorqin mis>l qilib, s0k0d0gi 0vt>m>bil ishl0b chiq0rishni >lish mumkin. B0yn0lmin0ll0shuv milliy Eo j0likl0rning d>im> o sib b>r0yotg0n o z0r> 0l>q0d>rlik v0 o z0r> b>g liqligini if>d0l0ydi. %% 0srd0 0yirb>shl0shning b0yn0lmin0ll0shuvi k0pit0l v0 ishl0b chiq0rishning b0yn0lmin0ll0shuvig0 0yl0ng0n bo ls0, h>zirgi v0qtd0 f0n-t5Enik0ning j0d0l riv>jl0nishi >rq0sid0 E0lq0r> iEtis>sl0shuv v0 ishl0b chiq0rish k>>p5r0tsiyasi yan0 h0m k5skin >shib b>rm>qd0. N0tij0d0 milliy Eo j0likl0r yan0d0 ko pr>q r0vishd0 j0h>n Eo j0ligig0 int5gr0tsiyal0sh0dil0r, yaqinl0sh0dil0r. Umum0n >lg0nd0, h>zirgi d0vr j0h>n iqtis>diyotid0 ikki t5nd5ntsiya 0m0l qilm>qd0. Ul0rd0n biri, j0h>n Eo j0ligining yaElitligi, b0yn0lmin0ll0shuvi bo ls0, ikkinchisi es0, mint0q0l0r d0r0j0sid0 d0vl0tl0rning iqtis>diy yaqinl0shuvi, o z0r> h0mk>rligi 0vj >lm>qd0. %0lq0r> iqtis>diy int5gr0tsiya  j0h>n h0mj0miyatig0 kiruvchi m0ml0k0tl0rning E0lq0r> m5hn0t t0qsim>ti 0s>sid0 o z f0>liyat yo n0lishl0rini birl0shtirish j0r0yoni d5m0kdir. Iqtis>diy int5gr0tsiyag0 kirishuvchi m0ml0k0tl0r int5gr0tsi>n j0r0yonl0rd0n iqtis>diy o sish sur 0tl0rini >shirish, ishl0b chiq0rish h0jmini o stirish, inv5stitsiyal0r >qimini k5ng0ytirish, iqtis>diyotni b0rq0r>rl0shtirish, m0ml0k0t t>v0r 0yl0nm0sini k5ng0ytirish, 0h>li f0r>v>nligini yuks0ltirish k0bi m0qs0dl0rni ko zl0ydil0r. O zb5kist>nning j0h>n h0mj0miyatig0 int5gr0tsiyal0shuvining m0qs0dl0ri O zb5kist>n R5spublik0si K>nstitutsiyasid0 quyid0gich0 if>d0l0ng0n:  O zb5kist>n R5spublik0si E0lq0r> mun>s0b0tl0rning to l0 huquqli sub 5ktidir. Uning t0shqi siyos0ti d0vl0tl0rning suv5r5n t5ngligi, kuch ishl0tm0slik, yoki kuch bil0n t0hdid qilm0slik, ch5g0r0l0rning d0hlsizligi, niz>l0rni tinch yo l bil0n h0l etish, b>shq0 d0vl0tl0rning ichki ishl0rig0 0r0l0shm0slik q>id0l0rig0 v0 E0lq0r> huquqning umum e tir>f etilg0n b>shq0 q>id0l0ri v0 n>rm0l0rig0 0s>sl0n0di. R5spublik0 d0vl0tning, E0lqning >liy m0nf00tl0ri, f0r>v>n-ligi v0 E0vfsizligini t0 minl0sh m0qs0did0 ittif>ql0r tuzish, h0mdo stlikl0r v0 b>shq0 d0vl0tl0r0r> tuzilm0l0rg0 kirishish v0 ul0rd0n 0jr0lib chiqish mumkin . O zb5kist>nning E0lq0r> j0miyatg0 int5gr0tsiyal0shuvi 0vv0l>, j0h>n m0ml0k0tl0ri v0 E0lq0r> t0shkil>tl0r bil0n siyosiy, s0vd> v0 b>shq0 iqtis>diy yo n0lishl0rd0gi h0mk>rlikni must0hk0ml0sh bil0n 0m0lg0 >sh0di. O zb5kist>n j0h>n m0ml0k0tl0ri v0 E0lq0r> t0shkil>tl0r bil0n h0mk>rlikni chuqurl0shtirish v0 k5ng0ytirish n0tij0sid0 riv>jl0ng0n d0vl0tl0r s0rm>yal0ri v0 t5En>l>giyal0rini j0lb qilish, iqtis>diyotni b>z>r iqtis>diyoti n5gizl0rid0 s0m0r0li yuritish t0jrib0l0rini o rg0nishg0 erish0di. %0lq0r> iqtis>diy int5gr0tsiyad0n ko zl0ng0n m0qs0dl0rg0 ko r0, >ddiy ko rinishd0n mur0kk0b tuzilm0l0rg0ch0 bo lishi mumkin. M0s0l0n, E0lq0r> int5gr0tsiyaning eng >ddiy sh0kli erkin s0vd> z>n0l0ri bo lib, u m0ml0k0tl0r o rt0sid0gi s0vd> ch5kl0shl0rini b5k>r qil0di. Int5gr0tsiyaning k5yingi sh0kli b>j ittif>ql0ri t0rzid0 0m0l qil0di. Int5gr0tsiyaning bu sh0klid0 s0vd> ch5kl0shl0rini b5k>r qilish bil0n birg0, yag>n0 t0shqi s0vd> t0rifl0ri o rn0til0di v0 t0shqi siyos0t bo yich0 k5lishuv yuz0g0 chiq0di. Int5gr0tsiya o z riv>jl0nishid0 to l>v ittif>qi t0rzid0 h0m n0m>yon bo l0di. Bu h>ld0 milliy v0lyut0l0rning b5m0l>l o z0r> erkin 0lm0shinuvi v0 yag>n0 pul birligi qo ll0nil0di. Umumiy b>z>r sh0klid0gi int5gr0tsiyad0 yuq>rid0gi h>l0tl0rd0n t0shq0ri k0pit0l v0 ishchi kuchining int5gr0tsiyag0 kirishuvchi m0ml0k0tl0r o rt0sid0 b5m0l>l h0r0k0t qilishi v0 k5lishilg0n iqtis>diy siyos0t t0 minl0n0di. Iqtis>diy int5gr0tsiyaning h>zirgi v0qtd0gi eng muk0mm0l sh0kli iqtis>diy v0 v0lyut0 ittif>qi bo lib, bu h0mk>rlikd0 int5gr0tsiyaning h0mm0 sh0kll0ri E0lq0r> v0lyut0  m>liyaviy siyos0t bil0n uyg unl0shib k5t0di. %0lq0r> iqtis>diy 0l>q0l0rning kuch0yishi ul0rg0 Eizm0t qiluvchi mu0ss0s0l0rning h0m t5z riv>j t>pishig0 >lib k5ldi. D5ngiz, d0ryo, h0v>, t5mir yo l tr0nsp>rtl0rini, p>rtl0r, 0er>p>rtl0r, g0z v0 n5ftL quvurl0rini k5ng qo ll0sh >d0td0gi h>lg0 0yl0ndi. F0n v0 t5Enik0ning t5z riv>jl0nishi >rq0sid0 int5rn5t v0 m0 lum>t bil0n ish ko rishni t0 minl>vchi, E0lq0r> 0l>q0l0rg0 Eizm0t qiluvchi mu0ss0s0l0r h0m p0yd> bo ldi. %0lq0r> m5hn0t t0qsim>tining v0 int5gr0tsi>n j0r0yonl0rning kuch0yishi %% 0srd0 TMK (tr0nsmilliy k>rp>r0tsiyal0r) ni yuz0g0 k5ltirdi. TMK l0r >d0td0, bir>r bir m0ml0k0t mulkig0 0s>sl0ns0-d0, dunyoning jud0 ko p m0ml0k0tl0rid0 o z fili0ll0ri tizimig0 eg0 bo lib, u yoki bu t>v0rl0rni ishl0b chiq0rish v0 r50liz0tsiya qilishd0 5t0kchi o rinni eg0ll0ydil0r. H>zir dunyod0 TMK l0r s>ni bir n5ch0 mingt0 bo lib, ul0rd0n 500 t0 eng yirigi 0l>hid0 hukmr>nlik qil0di. TMK l0rning t0rm>q tuzilishi r0ng-b0r0ng bo lib, E0lq0r> k>mp0niyal0rning t0Emin0n 60% i ishl0b chiq0rish s>h0sid0, 37% i Eizm0t ko rs0tish s>h0l0rid0 f0>liyat >lib b>rm>qd0.  F>rd ,  M5rs5d5s ,  S0msung v0 b>shq0 TMK l0rni bilm0ydig0n >d0m bo lm0s0 k5r0k. %0lq0r> iqtis>diy h0yotning b0yn0lmin0ll0shuvi bil0n erkin iqtis>diy hududl0r h0m ko p0yib b>rm>qd0. Erkin iqtis>diy hududl0r m0ml0k0tning b>shq0 qisml0rid0 ishl0tilm0ydig0n imtiyoz v0 r0g b0tl0rning o zig0 E>s tizimi qo ll0nil0dig0n milliy iqtis>diy hududning bir qismig0 0ytil0di. Erkin iqtis>diy hududl0r ul0rni t0shkil etuvchil0r t>m>nid0n >chiq iqtis>diy t0m>yill0rni 0m0lg0 >shirishd0gi muhim b>sqich his>bl0n0di. 2008 yild0 O zb5kist>nd0 birinchi bo lib N0v>iy vil>yati erkin iqtis>diy hudud, d5b e l>n qilindi. %0lq0r> iqtis>diy mun>s0b0tl0r jud0 ko p >mill0r t0 sirid0 riv>jl0nib b>rm>qd0. M0 lum q0r0m0-q0rshilikl0r bo lishig0 q0r0m0y, h>zirgi v0qtd0 h0mk>rlik v0 o z0r> k5lishuv t5nd5ntsiyal0ri ustunlik qilm>qd0. Turli m0ml0k0tl0r iqtis>diy riv>jl0nish d0r0j0sining yaqinl0shuvi ro y b5rm>qd0. Ung0 m0 lum d0r0j0d0 gl>b0l (>l0mshumul) mu0mm>l0r, r5sursl0rining ch5kl0ng0nligi, en5rgiya, E>m-0shyo v0 >ziq->vq0tl0rning ko pr>q ist5 m>l qilin0yotg0nligi, ek>l>gik mu0mm>l0r v0 b>shq0l0r t0 sir etm>qd0. J0h>n b>z>ri, uning t0rkibi H>zirgi d0vrd0gi E0lq0r> iqtis>diy mu68:@ n j LNdh²zjXXI:Ihw th cCJaJmHCsHCh5#h cCJaJmHCsHC"h?75h c5CJ\aJmH sH h?75h cCJ\aJmH sH h?75h cCJ\aJmHCsHC"h?75h c5CJ\aJmHCsHC+h?75h c56B*CJaJmHCphsHCh?75h c5CJaJmHCsHCh?75h cCJaJmHCsHChc:h cmHCsHC"hc:h c5CJ\aJmHCsHC"h|5B*CJaJmHCphsHC8:n r @ B l n h L$^`a$gd c$^`a$gd c & F* ^`gd c $`a$gd c`gd c$a$gd c$a$gdxLNfhfZv" `gd c$^`a$gd c $`a$gd c$ `a$gd c$ `a$gd c $@&`a$gd c `gd ctvxz$ & !!!! !!! !"!$!&!8!:!T!V!b!f!r!v!!!!!"""⵩{{{{{{{{ssh+CJaJh h cCJaJhlSh cCJaJh cCJaJhlSh c5CJaJmH sH hlSh c5CJaJh cCJaJmH sH h5#h cCJaJmHCsHC"h?75h c5CJ\aJmHCsHCh?75h cCJaJmHCsHChh cCJaJmHCsHC- !"""""""""\#^#$&*0|2$ `a$gd c$ `a$gd c `gd c `gd c$^`a$gd c $`a$gd c $`a$gd c"""""""\#0r2v2x2KpLvLLMBMXMpMvMMlTUVVWX@X`XxXX\\\\\@]^_a$b,c.cncd>efgkl(l:lDllllln"nuw˼˼˼˼˼˼˼˼˼˼˼˼˼˼˼˼˼˼˼˼˼˼˼˼˼˼#jh=A0JCJUaJmHCsHCh?75h c5CJaJmHCsHCh?75h cCJaJmHCsHC"h?75h c5CJ\aJmHCsHCh ch cCJaJmH sH h cCJaJmH sH h cCJaJ<|2x378;,>@$B0CCDEG IITKLPSjTV@XX8^`Fbd$ `a$gd c$ `a$gd cdffgggouwZD$ 7$8$H$`a$gd c$ `a$gd c$ `a$gd c$ `a$gd cwwwpy{{ PxڑƓ.hF֠|68r©R~>@͸}#jh4f0JCJUaJmHCsHCU"h5#h c5CJ\aJmHCsHC)jh?75h c0JCJUaJmHCsHC)jh.X0J5CJU\aJmHCsHC"h?75h c5CJ\aJmHCsHC#jh.X0JCJUaJmHCsHCh?75h cCJaJmHCsHC/DV68pr.*@8x&$ & F 7$8$H$^`a$gd c$ & F 7$8$H$^`a$gd c$7$8$H$`a$gd c$7$8$H$`a$gd c$ 7$8$H$`a$gd cn>s0b0tl0r jud0 mur0kk0b, ko p qirr0li iqtis>diy v>q5lik bo lib, u yar0tilg0n ijtim>iy m0hsul>tning ishl0b chiq0rish, t0qsiml0sh, 0yirb>shl0sh v0 ist5 m>l qilish f0z0l0rini q0mr0b >l0dig0n j0h>n b>z>ri muhitid0 riv>jl0nib b>r0di. J0h>n b>z>ri ko pchilik t0s0vvur et0dig0nd5k f0q0t E0lq0r> s0vd>-s>tiqnigin0 q0mr0b >lm0y, b0lki u m0ml0k0tl0r o rt0sid0gi k0pit0l h0r0k0tini, ishchi kuchi migr0tsiyasini, birg0likd0 t0dbirk>rlik f0>liyatini yuritishni, t5Enik0 yo n0lishi bo yich0 h0mk>rlikni h0m if>d0 et0di. Chunki bu yo n0lishl0rd0 h0m t>v0r v0 Eizm0tl0rni o rinli 0yirb>shl0sh k0bi s0m0r0lir>q f0>liyat yuritish mo lj0ll0n0di. Shuning uchun d0vl0tl0rning E0lq0r> iqtis>diy mun>s0b0tl0rd0gi o rni v0 r>li bir q0t>r ko rs0tkichl0rg0 bin>0n b5lgil0n0di. Ul0rd0n eng muhiml0ri quyid0gil0rdir: m0ml0k0t t0shqi s0vd> h0jmining YAIM h0jmig0 nisb0ti; t0shqi s0vd> 0yl0nm0sining 0h>li j>n b>shig0 to g ri k5l0dig0n miqd>ri; t0shqi inv5stitsiyal0r (birinchi n0vb0td0 to g rid0n-to g ri inv5stitsiyal0r) ning 0h>li j>n b>shig0 to g ri k5l0dig0n miqd>ri v0 h>k0z>. J0h>n b>z>rining >b 5ktl0ri bo lib, buyuml0shg0n v0 buyuml0sh-m0g0n (m0s0l0n, m0 lum>t Eizm0tl0rining 0yrim turl0ri) jud0 ko p s>nli r5sursl0r, t>v0r v0 Eizm0tl0r chiqs0, uning sub 5ktl0ri bo lib, d0vl0tl0r, turli E0lq0r> uyushm0l0r, TMK l0r, ch5t ell0r bil0n f0>liyat >lib b>r0dig0n yuridik v0 jism>niy sh0Esl0r his>bl0n0di. J0h>n b>z>rining 0n 0n0viy, eng muhim v0 eng k5ng t0rq0lg0n sh0kli E0lq0r> s0vd>-s>tiqdir. Q0dim-q0dimd0n 0m0l qilib k5l0yotg0n bu E0lq0r> 0l>q0l0r sh0kli h>zirgi v0qtd0 jud0 0vj >lib k5tdi. Ung0 quyid0gi >mill0r b5v>sit0 t0 sir ko rs0tm>qd0: dunyoning ko pgin0 m0ml0k0tl0rid0 t0shqi s0vd>ning lib5r0ll0shuvi; riv>jl0n0yotg0n v0 ko pl0b yosh yangi m0ml0k0tl0rning b>z>r mun>s0b0tl0rig0 o tib b>r0yotg0nligi; f0n-t5Enik0 inqil>bi sh0r>itl0rid0 ishl0b chiq0rishning iEtis>sl0shuv v0 k>>p5r0tsiyal0shuvining kuch0yg0nligi; int5gr0tsiya j0r0yonl0rining 5r yuz0sining b0rch0 hududl0rig0 yoyilg0nligi; milliy iqtis>diyotl0rd0 d0vl0t t>m>nid0n t0rtibg0 s>lish j0r0yonl0rining f0>ll0shg0ni; TMK l0r f0>liyati miqyosl0rining o sg0nligi; Eizm0t ko rs0tish s>h0sining shidd0t bil0n riv>jl0n0yotg0nligi v0 b>shq0l0r. M0 lumki, t0shqi s0vd> eksp>rt v0 imp>rt >p5r0tsiyal0rini yuritish bil0n >lib b>ril0di.  Eksp>rt d5g0nd0 ch5t ellik sh5rikl0rg0 t>v0r v0 Eizm0tl0rni 5tk0zib b5rish tushunils0,  imp>rt d5g0nd0 0ksinch0 ch5t ellik sh5rikl0rd0n t>v0r v0 Eizm0tl0r E0rid qilish tushunil0di. d0td0, m0ml0k0tning m0 lum bir v0qt m>b0ynid0gi eksp>rt v0 imp>rtid0n biri ikkinchisid0n ko pr>q bo l0di. g0r eksp>rt imp>rtd0n ko pr>q bo ls0, u h>ld0 m0ml0k0t ij>biy s>f eksp>rtg0, 0ks h>ld0 m0nfiy s>f eksp>rtg0 eg0 bo l0di. O zb5kist>nning t0shqi s0vd> 0yl0nm0si (mln QSH d>ll0rid0) 1990 yil 2000 yil2010 yilT0shqi s0vd> 0yl0nm0si 805,66212,121842,2Eksp>rt 442,73267,713044,5Imp>rt 362,92947,48799,7S0vd> b0l0nsi (- +) 79,8317,34244,8 T0shqi b>z>rd0 k>nyuktur0ning yom>nl0shuvig0 q0r0m0y, m0ml0k0t t0shqi s0vd> 0yl0nm0si h0tt>, E0lq0r> inqir>z b>shl0ng0n 2008 yild0 21,3 f>izg0 >shdi, t>v0rl0r v0 Eizm0tl0r eksp>rti 28,7 f>izg0, imp>rt h0jmi 11,5 f>izg0 >rtdi. Bu o z n0vb0tid0 t0shqi s0vd> b0l0nsid0 ij>biy s0lLd> h0jmi s5zil0rdi d0r0j0d0 o sdi.  Bu es0, - d5di Pr5zid5nt, - ish>nchli to l>v b0l0nsi v0 iqtis>diyotimiz b0rq0r>rligining muhim ko rs0tkichi bo lib Eizm0t qilm>qd0 . Shuni t0 kidl0sh k5r0kki, O zb5kist>n R5spublik0si ij>biy n0tij0g0 eg0 bo lib k5lm>qd0. F0q0tgin0 2013 yild0 m0ml0k0timiz eksp>rti 10,9% o sdi, t0shqi s0vd> f0>liyatid0gi ij>biy s0ld> 1,3 mlrd d>ll0rni t0shkil etdi. 2013 yild0 qimm0tb0h> m5t0ll0r n0rhining k5skin p0s0yg0nig0 q0r0m0sd0n, m0ml0k0timiz >ltin-v0lyut0 z0Eir0si 2% g0 ko p0ydi. 2014-yilda tashqi savdo balansidagi ijobiy saldo 180 mln dollarni tashkil etdi, mamlakatimizning oltin-valyuta zaxiralari 1,6 mlrd dollarga ko paydi. Eksp>rt v0 imp>rt birg0likd0 t0shqi s0vd> 0yl0nm0sini t0shkil et0di. M0ml0k0t iqtis>diyoti o sg0n s0ri, uning  >chiqligi kuch0yg0n s0ri t0shqi s0vd> 0yl0nm0si miqd>ri h0m o sib b>r0di. M0ml0k0tl0rning t0shqi s0vd>d0 n0q0d0r f0>lligini if>d0 etuvchi  eksp>rt kv>t0si d5g0n tushunch0 h0m m0vjud bo lib, u eksp>rtning YAIM d0gi ulushini ko rs0t0di. M0 lum bir v0qt ichid0 m0ml0k0tning j0h>n b>z>rid0gi f0>liyat s0m0r0d>rligini  to l>v b0l0nsi if>d0 et0di. U n0f0q0t t0shqi s0vd> 0yl0nm0si bil0n, b0lki inv5stitsiyal0r kiritishd0gi >ling0n n0tij0l0r, k0pit0l h0r0k0ti h0md0 r0smiy z0hir0l0rning h>l0ti bil0n h0m b5lgil0n0di, ya ni to l>v b0l0nsi b0rch0 E0lq0r> iqtis>diy bitiml0rning r0q0mli if>d0sidir. J0h>n b>z>rid0 m0vjud bo lg0n t5nd5ntsiyal0r E0lq0r> s0vd>d0gi o zg0rishl0rni t5zd0 0ks ettir0di. K5yingi p0ytl0rd0 E>m-0shyo r5sursl0ri v0 qishl>q Eo j0lik m0hsul>tl0ri bil0n s0vd> qilish qisq0rib, yarim t0yyor v0 t0yyor m0hsul>tl0r bil0n s0vd> qilish k5ng0yib b>rm>qd0. Riv>jl0ng0n m0ml0k0tl0r eksp>rtid0 h>zirgi v0qtd0 0s>s0n, t0yyor m0hsul>tl0r h0md0 ko p ilm t0l0b qil0dig0n m0hsul>tl0r muhim o rin tutm>qd0. R5spublik0miz t0shqi s0vd>sid0 h0m k0tt0 o zg0rishl0r ro y b5rm>qd0. Eksp>rtimiz h0jmi munt0z0m o sib, t0rkibi o zg0rib b>rm>qd0. So nggi yill0rd0 eksp>rt t0rkibid0 r0q>b0td>sh t0yyor m0hsul>tl0r ulushi b0rq0r>r sur 0tl0r bil0n o sib b>rm>qd0. Juml0d0n, 2013 yild0 umumiy eksp>rt h0jmining 72% d0n >rtig i t0yyor t>v0rl0r hiss0sig0 to g ri k5ldi. Eksp>rt h0jmining >shishi r5spublik0 uchun 0n 0n0viy r5sursl0r bo lg0n p0Et0 t>l0si, qimm0tb0h> m5t0ll0r v0 turli E>m-0shyo his>big0 em0s, b0lki, 0s>s0n 0vt>m>bill0r, n5ftL-kimyo v0 m5t0ll m0hsul>tl0ri, min5r0l o g itl0r, ip-k0l0v0 v0 g0zl0m0, trik>t0j buyuml0ri, sim-k0b5lL m0hsul>tl0ri, qurilish m0t5ri0ll0ri v0 b>shq0 ko pl0b eksp>rt t>v0rl0ri h0jmi v0 turl0rini ko p0ytirish ev0zig0 erishilm>qd0. H>zirgi kund0 O zb5kist>n t0shqi s0vd> 0l>q0l0rini yan0d0 riv>jl0ntirish uchun h0r0k0t qilm>qd0. U bu yo n0lishd0gi eng nufuzli t0shkil>t bo lg0n  T0rifl0r v0 s0vd> bo yich0 umumiy bitim (GTT, 1947 yil t0shkil etilg0n) d0 kuz0tuvchi m0q>mig0 eg0. M0ml0k0timiz t0shqi s0vd>sining o sishig0 iqtis>diy sh0rt-sh0r>itl0r h0m k5ng imk>n b5r0di. Ul0r juml0sig0 quyid0gil0r kir0di: 5r min5r0l E>m-0shyo v0 o simlik r5sursl0rining k0tt0 z0hir0l0ri; r5spublik0ning nisb0t0n riv>jl0ng0n ishl0b chiq0rish infr0tuzilm0sig0 eg0ligi, ilmiy-t5Enik0viy s0l>hiyatg0 eg0ligi; m5hn0t r5sursl0rining ko pligi; E0lq0r> turizmni riv>jl0ntirish uchun imk>niyatl0rning k0tt0ligi; eksp>rtg0 mo lj0lll0ng0n ishl0b chiq0rishning r0g b0tl0ntiril0yotg0nligi. J0h>n b>z>ri t0jrib0sid0 d0vl0tl0r t>m>nid0n t0shqi s0vd>ni o stirish uchun h0r0k0tl0r bil0n bir q0t>rd0, m0h0lliy t0dbirk>rl0r m0nf00tini ko zl0b t>v0rl0r h0r0k0tig0 to sqinlik qiluvchi iqtis>diy v0 b>jE>n0 siyos0tining uch 0s>siy turi f0rql0n0di. Qism0n ch5kl0shl0r siyos0ti  ichki b>z>rg0 m0ml0k0t m0fkur0si v0 turmush t0rzig0 zid bo lg0n t>v0rl0r (turli kin> v0 vid5> m0hsul>tl0ri, b>sm0 n0shrl0r) kirib k5lishig0 yo l qo ym0slik. Pr>t5ktsi>nizm (l>tinch0 protectio  him>ya >stig0 >lish)  ichki b>z>rni E>rijiy r0q>b0td0n him>ya qilish. Erkin s0vd> siyos0ti ( fritr5d5rlik )  t0shqi s0vd>d0 ch5kl0shl0rni eng >z d0r0j0d0 qo ll0sh. X0lq0r> v0lyut0 tizimi %0lq0r> iqtis>diy 0l>q0l0rd0 E0lq0r> v0lyut0 mun>s0b0tl0ri muhim o ring0 eg0. V0lyut0 mun>s0b0tl0ri, bu E0lq0r> iqtis>diy 0l>q0l0rd0, ya ni s0vd>-s>tiq, ilmiy-t5Enik h0mk>rlik, q0rz b5rish v0 >lish, milliy v0lyut0l0r kursini 0niql0sh k0bi >p5r0tsiyal0rd0 v0lyut0 bil0n b>g liq bo lg0n mun>s0b0tl0rdir. %0lq0r> v0lyut0 mun>s0b0tl0ri b>shq0 E0lq0r> 0l>q0l0r sing0ri uz>q v0qtl0r d0v>mid0 0st0-s5kin riv>jl0nib, h>zirgi sh0klig0 k5ldi. Bu mun>s0b0tl0rning kurt0kl0ri q0dimgi Rim v0 Gr5tsiyad0 p0yd> bo lg0n. Sh0rqd0, juml0d0n bizning o lk0mizd0 h0m v0lyut0 mun>s0b0tl0ri bil0n shug ull0nuvchi sh0Esl0r  s0rr>fl0r ish ko rg0nl0r. Ishl0b chiq0rish kuchl0rining riv>jl0nishi, E0lq0r> m5hn0t t0qsim>tining kuch0yishi, ishl0b chiq0rishning b0yn0lmin0ll0shuvi E0lq0r> v0lyut0 mun>s0b0tl0rini iqtis>diy jih0td0n z0ruriyatg0 0yl0ntirdi. %0lq0r> v0lyut0 mun>s0b0tl0rining >b 5kti milliy v0 E0lq0r> v0lyut0l0r his>bl0ns0, uning sub 5kti sif0tid0 d0vl0tl0r, E0lq0r> t0shkil>tl0r, turli yuridik sh0Esl0r, ya ni tij>r0t b0nkl0ri, ch5t el bil0n ish ko ruvchi k>rE>n0l0r, birj0l0r, 0g5ntlikl0r h0md0 0yrim jism>niy sh0Esl0r (birj0 E>diml0ri, ch0yq>vchil0r, s0yyohl0r) chiq0di. V0lyut0 mun>s0b0tl0ri o rg0nilg0nd0 >d0td0, milliy, hududiy v0 j0h>n v0lyut0 tiziml0ri 0l>hid0 t0hlil etil0di. Milliy v0lyut0 tizimi 0yrim d0vl0tning b>shq0 d0vl0tl0r bil0n pul yuz0sid0n bo l0dig0n his>b-kit>bl0rni 0m0lg0 >shirish m5E0nizmini if>d0 et0di. Hududiy v0lyut0 tizimi int5gr0tsiyag0 kirishg0n m0ml0k0tl0r v0lyut0 tizimi k5lishuvini 0ks ettir0di. Yevr>p0 v0lyut0  iqtis>diy ittif>qi bung0 mis>l bo lishi mumkin. %0lq0r> v0lyut0 tizimi E0lq0r> v0lyut0 mun>s0b0tl0rining d0vl0tl0r0r> bitiml0rd0 huquqiy jih0td0n e tir>f etilg0n sh0kli bo lib, u E0lq0r> 0l>q0l0rning m>liyaviy n5gizi his>bl0n0di. %0lq0r> v0lyut0 mun>s0b0tl0ri o z ichig0 E0lq0r> to l>v v>sit0l0rini, v0lyut0 kursini b5lgil0sh t0rtibini, E0lq0r> to l>vl0rni b0l0nsli yuritish m5E0nizmini, E0lq0r> v0lyut0 b>z>rini h0md0 E0lq0r> v0lyut0 mun>s0b0tl0rig0 Eizm0t qiluvchi mu0ss0s0l0rni q0mr0b >l0di. %0lq0r> v0lyut0 mun>s0b0tl0rid0n ko zd0 tutilg0n m0qs0d E0lq0r> 0l>q0l0rni s0m0r0li t0shkil etish, m0ml0k0tl0rning j0h>n Eo j0lik tizimid0n m0nf00td>rligini t0 minl0shd0n ib>r0t. SHuningd5k, j0h>n v0lyut0 tizimi >rq0li iqtis>diy r5sursl0rning bir m0ml0k0td0n ikkinchisig0 h0r0k0ti t0rtibg0 s>lin0di. J0h>n v0lyut0 tizimi o z riv>jl0nishid0 ucht0 b>sqichd0n o tdi. 1879 yild0n 1934 yilg0 q0d0r (birinchi j0h>n urushi yill0ri bund0n must0sn>) >ltin st0nd0rt, d5b n>ml0ng0n pul tizimi 0m0ld0 bo ldi. Bu tizim b5lgil0ng0n v0lyut0 kursl0rig0 0s>sl0ng0n edi. Buning m0 n>si shund0ki, bu tizimg0 kiruvchi m0ml0k0tl0r uch q>id0g0 ri>ya qilishl0ri sh0rt edi: H0r bir m0ml0k0t o z pul birligining m0 lum >ltin m0zmunini b5lgil0shi k5r0k. O zining >ltin z0hir0l0ri v0 pulining ichki t0klifi o rt0sid0 q0t iy nisb0tni ushl0b turishi. ltinning erkin h>ld0 eksp>rt v0 imp>rt qilinishig0 to sqinlik qilm0slik. ltin st0nd0rt tizimi 0m0ld0 m0 lum ij>biy v0 s0lbiy jih0tl0rni n0m>yon qildi. ltin st0nd0rtl0rning yutuql0rig0 0vv0l>: 0) turg un v0lyut0 kursl0ri n>0niqlik v0 E0vf-E0t0rni ch5kl0b, E0lq0r> s0vd> h0jml0rining o sishig0 >lib k5lishini; b) >ltin st0nd0rt 0vt>m0tik t0rzd0 to l>v b0l0nsl0rining d5fitsit v0 0ktivl0rining t5ngl0shtirishini kiritish mumkin. ltin st0nd0rt ikki k0mchilikk0 h0m eg0 edi. Ul0rd0n birinchisi shuki, >ltin st0nd0rtg0 kiruvchi m0ml0k0tl0r o zl0rig0 b>g liq bo lm0g0n h>ld0 h0m ishsizlik, d0r>m0dl0rning p0s0yishi, inflyatsiya k0bi n>Eush h>l0tl0rg0 duch>r bo lishl0ri mumkin edi. Ikkinchi k0mchilik m0ml0k0tl0rning >ltin z0hir0l0ri bil0n b>g liq bo lib, ul0rd0n bir>rt0si o z z0hir0sini tug0ts0, bu tizim s0m0r0siz bo lib q>l0r edi. %% 0srning 30-yill0rd0 dunyoni l0rz0g0 k5ltirg0n iqtis>diy t0n0zzul >ltin st0nd0rt tizimini h0m b0rb>d etdi. Ikkinchi j0h>n urushi bu j0r0yonni yan0 h0m t5zl0shtirdi. J0h>nning yangi v0lyut0 tizimi 0s>sl0rini ishl0b chiqish m0qs0did0 ittif>qd>sh d0vl0tl0r 1944 yil QSH ning Br5tt>n  Vuds sh0hrid0 E0lq0r> k>nf5r5ntsiyag0 yig ildil0r. Bu k>nf5r5ntsiya n0tij0sid0 t0rtibg0 s>lin0dig0n o z0r> b>g liq v0lyut0 kursl0ri tizimining yar0tilishi to g risid0gi bitimg0 k5lindi. SH0h0r n>mi bil0n ko pinch0 bu tizimni  Br5tt>n-Vuds tizimi , d5b 0t0l0di. Bu tizim >ltin st0nd0rt tizimining ij>biy t>m>nl0rini s0ql0b q>lg0n h>ld0, ichki m0kr>iqtis>diy m>sl0shuvning n>Eush j0r0yonl0rini b0rt0r0f etishi k5r0k edi. Ushbu k>nf5r5ntsiyad0 %0lq0r> V0lyut0 F>ndi (%VF-MVF) tuzildi. Bu mu0ss0s0 yangi v0lyut0 tizimini o z >ldig0 qo yg0n v0zif0l0rni b0j0rishg0 q>dir qilish ko zd0 tutilg0n edi. Bu v0lyut0 tizimi 0m0ld0 1971 yilg0ch0 f0>liyat yuritdi. Br5tt>n-Vuds v0lyut0 tizimi eng 0vv0l>, >ltin st0nd0rt 0n 0n0l0rig0 s>diq q>lg0n h>ld0 %VF ig0 kiruvchi h0r bir d0vl0t o z pul birligining >ltin yoki d>ll0rd0gi m0zmunini b5lgil0shi k5r0k edi. Bu turli m0ml0k0tl0rning v0lyut0l0ri p0rit5tini (nisb0tini) 0niql0shg0 imk>n b5r0r edi. Ikkinchid0n, h0r bir m0ml0k0t o z v0lyut0 kursining (v0lyut0 kursi bir m0ml0k0t pul birligining b>shq0 m0ml0k0tl0r pul birligid0 if>d0l0ng0n n0rEi) b>shq0 h0r q0nd0y v0lyut0g0 nisb0t0n kursini o zg0rtirm0sligi z0rur qilib qo yildi. Bu v0lyut0 tizimi 50-60-yill0rd0 E0lq0r> v0lyut0 mun>s0b0tl0rining riv>jl0nishig0 0s>s bo ldi. mm> bu tizim d>ll0rg0 b>g l0ng0nligi uchun QSH to l>v b0l0nsid0 mu0mm>l0r k5ltirib chiq0rdi. SHuning uchun QSH pr5zid5nti R.Niks>n 1971 yil 15 0vgustd0 d>ll0rni >lting0 0lm0shtirishni to Et0tdi v0 bu h>l ushbu tizimning inqir>zini if>d0 etdi. 1976 yilg0 k5lib Kingst>n (Yam0yk0) d0gi k5lishuvg0 bin>0n v0lyut0ning q0yd etilg0n (b5lgil0ng0n) kursi o z o rnini  suzib yuruvchi kurs g0 bo sh0tib b5rdi. Bu tizimning qisq0ch0 m0zmuni shuki, endi q>g >z pull0r >lting0 0lm0shtirilm0ydi, v0lyut0 kursl0ri es0 b>shq0 t>v0rl0r k0bi t0l0b v0 t0klif 0s>sid0 sh0kll0n0di v0 unch0 k0tt0 bo lm0g0n ch5g0r0l0rd0 t5br0nib tur0di. J0h>n v0lyut0 tizimid0 0m0l qiluvchi v0lyut0l0r o z >bro -e tib>rl0ri bil0n bir Eil em0sl0r. Dunyod0 k>nv5rtirl0n0dig0n, ya ni b>shq0 v0lyut0l0rg0 b5m0l>l 0lm0sh0dig0n QSH d>ll0ri, ngliya funti, Fr0ntsiya fr0nki, Yap>niya i5n0si, YEVR l0r bil0n bir q0t>rd0 qism0n k>nv5rtirl0n0dig0n v0lyut0l0r 0m0l qil0di. X0lq0r> kr5dit, ung0 Eizm0t qiluvchi mu0ss0s0l0r H>zirgi d0vr j0h>nd0 n0f0q0t t>v0r v0 Eizm0tl0rning erkin s0vd>si bil0n, b0lki und0n h0m ko pr>q r0vishd0 k0pit0lning dunyo bo yich0 erkin h0r0k0ti bil0n E0r0kt5rl0n0di. %0lq0r> kr5dit ssud0 k0pit0lining j0h>n miqyosid0gi h0r0k0tini bildir0di. %0lq0r> kr5ditning yuz0g0 k5lish s0b0bl0ri jud0 ko p bo lib, ul0r ichid0 ishl0b chiq0rishning milliy d>ir0d0n chiqishi, uning b0yn0lmill0shuvi, ishl0b chiq0rishning iEtis>sl0shuvi v0 to pl0nuvi h0md0 shu 0s>sd0 E0lq0r> k0pit0ll0rning umuml0shuvi 0l>hid0 o rin tut0di. %0lq0r> kr5ditning >b 5kti bo lib, ch5t eld0n j0lb qilin0yotg0n yoki ch5t ellik sh5rikl0rg0 q0rzg0 b5ril0yotg0n k0pit0l his>bl0n0di. %0lq0r> kr5ditning sub 5kti h0m m0h0lliy ishtir>kchil0r (k>rp>r0tsiyal0r, b0nkl0r, iEtis>sl0shg0n m>liya kr5dit institutl0ri, birj0l0r v0 d0vl0tl0r) d0n v0 E0lq0r> ishtir>kchil0r (E0lq0r> k>rp>r0tsiyal0r, TMK, E0lq0r> b0nkl0r, sug urt0 k>mp0niyal0rig0 o Esh0g0n E0lq0r> kr5dit-m>liya mu0ss0s0l0ri, dunyog0 m0shhur f>nd v0 t>v0r birj0l0ri v0 E0lq0r> v0lyut0-m>liya t0shkil>tl0r) d0n ib>r0t bo l0di. %0lq0r> kr5dit 0m0lg0 >shirilg0nd0 u quyid0gi eng muhim v0zif0l0rni b0j0r0di: T0kr>r ishl0b chiq0rishni k5ng0ytirish, ist5 m>lni to l0r>q t0 minl0sh uchun ssud0 k0pit0lini m0ml0k0tl0r o rt0sid0 q0yt0 t0qsiml0sh. M0ml0k0tl0r o rt0sid0gi to l>vl0rning izchilligini t0 minl0sh. Ishl0b chiq0rishning j0h>n miqyosid0 to pl0nuvi v0 m0rk0zl0shuvini kuch0ytirish. Iqtis>diyotni E0lq0r> miqyosd0 t0rtibg0 s>lishg0 ko m0kl0shish. SHuni t0 kidl0sh k5r0kki, E0lq0r> kr5dit bir t>m>nd0n, E0lq0r> iqtis>diy 0l>q0l0rning riv>jl0nishig0 k0tt0 turtki b5rs0, ikkinchi t>m>nd0n es0 s0lbiy h>l0tl0rni h0m kuch0ytirishi mumkin. Juml0d0n, E0lq0r> kr5dit t0shqi iqtis>diy 0l>q0l0rni (m0s0l0n, s0vd>ni) 0vv0lgid0n h0m k5ngr>q yuritishg0 0s>s bo l0di. %0lq0r> kr5dit mun>s0b0tl0ri ch5t el inv5stitsiyal0ri uchun qul0y sh0rt-sh0r>itl0r yar0tilishig0 >lib k5l0di. %0lq0r> kr5dit E0lq0r> 0l>q0l0rg0 Eizm0t qiluvchi his>b-kit>b ishl0rini j>nl0ntir0di. %0lq0r> kr5ditning eng k0tt0 yutug i  u E0lq0r> 0l>q0l0r s0m0r0d>rligini >shir0di. yni v0qtd0 E0lq0r> kr5dit iqtis>diyotd0 m0 lum n>mut0n>siblikl0rning kuch0yishini h0m k5ltirib chiq0rishi mumkin. M0s0l0n, E0lq0r> kr5dit o zi ko p s0rfl0n0yotg0n s>h0l0rning b>shq0 s>h0l0rg0 nisb0t0n t5z riv>jl0nishini v0 0ksinch0 b>shq0 s>h0l0rning >rq0d0 q>lishig0 >lib k5lishi h0m mumkin. %0lq0r> kr5dit b5rilg0nd0 Euddi milliy Eo j0likl0rd0gi k0bi t0m>yill0rg0 0s>sl0nil0di. Ul0r ichid0 q0ytirib b5rishlilik, mudd0tlilik, k0f>l0tl0nish, m0qs0dlilik v0 f>iz to l0shlikni 0l>hid0 0jr0tib ko rs0tish mumkin. %0lq0r> kr5dit b5rish sh0kll0ri h0m turli-tum0n bo lib, ul0r pul ko rinishid0 n0m>yon bo l0di. %0lq0r> kr5dit ch5tg0 k0pit0l chiq0rishning muhim t0rkibiy qismidir. CH5tg0 k0pit0l chiq0rish >d0td0, b5v>sit0, ya ni to g rid0n-to g ri h>ld0 v0 p>rtf5lL inv5stitsiyasi E>lid0 qo ll0nil0di. To g rid0n-to g ri inv5stitsiyal0shd0 E>rijd0 k>rE>n0l0r qurish, o z fili0ll0rini >chish, ch5t eld0gi >b 5ktl0rni s>tib >lish v0 b>shq0 yo ll0r bil0n iqtis>diy jih0td0n hukmr>nlik qilish t0 minl0n0di. P>rtf5l t0rzid0gi inv5stitsiyal0shd0 ch5t ellik sh5rikl0rning qimm0tli q>g >zl0ri s>tib >lin0di v0 t5gishli d0r>m0d >lish t0 minl0n0di. Riv>jl0n0yotg0n m0ml0k0tl0r, juml0d0n O zb5kist>n uchun ch5t elning yuks0k t5Enik0-t5En>l>giyasini Eo j0lik yuritishning ilg >r sh0kll0rini o zl0shtirish muhim 0h0miyat k0sb et0di. Shuning uchun m0ml0k0timiz ch5t el inv5stitsiyal0rini b>rg0n s0ri ko pl0b kirit0yapti v0 ul0rg0 qul0y sh0r>itl0r yar0tib b5r0yapti. g0r 2008-yil h0mm0si bo lib, 1,5 mlrd. QSH d>ll0ri 0tr>fid0 ch5t el inv5stitsiyal0ri kiritilg0n bo ls0, 2014 yil bu ko rs0tkich 14,3 mlrd bo lishi mo lj0ll0ndi. Ch5t el inv5stitsiyal0rining to rtd0n uch qismi b5v>sit0 inv5stitsiyal0r hiss0sig0 to g ri k5l0di. %0lq0r> kr5dit mun>s0b0tl0ri ul0rg0 Eizm0t qiluvchi bir q0t>r mu0ss0s0l0rning funktsiya qilinishini t0l0b et0di. Ul0r ichid0 BMT bil0n b>g liq bo lg0n mu0ss0s0l0rni v0 ung0 t00luqli bo lm0g0n >rg0nl0rni 0jr0tish mumkin. %VF ushbu mu0ss0s0l0r >r0sid0 0l>hid0 m0q>mg0 eg0. U dunyod0gi 200 g0 yaqin m0ml0k0tg0 Eizm0t ko rs0t0di. Umumiy his>b bo yich0 %VF ning b0rch0 0 z>l0ri E>rijiy v0lyut0ni >ltind0, k>nv5rtirl0ng0n v0lyut0d0 v0 SDR d0 f>nd k0pit0lid0gi o z hiss0sining t0Emin0n 25 f>izi h0jmid0 sh0rtsiz >lishi mumkin. Bu miqd>rd0n >rtiq q0rz %VF ning iqtis>diy v0 ijtim>iy siyos0t s>h0sid0gi t0vsiyal0ri b0j0rilishig0 q0r0b b5ril0di. ddiy kr5ditl0rd0n t0shq0ri k0m riv>jl0ng0n d0vl0tl0r 0niq m0qs0dl0r uchun imtiyozli kr5ditl0r >lishl0ri mumkin. BMT ning %0lq0r> tikl0nish v0 t0r0qqiyot b0nki (%TTB), %0lq0r> m>liya k>rp>r0tsiyasi (%MK), %0lq0r> t0r0qqiyot uyushm0si (%TU) v0 inv5stitsiyal0rni k0f>l0tl0sh bo yich0 %0lq0r> 0g5ntligi (IK%) k0bi iEtis>sl0shg0n mu0ss0s0l0rid0n t0shkil t>pg0n guruh Umumj0h>n b0nki, d5b 0t0l0di. J0h>n q0rz-v0lyut0 0l>q0l0ri riv>jl0nishid0 BMT ning iEtis>sl0shg0n mu0ss0s0l0ri q0t>rig0 kirm0ydig0n t0shkil>tl0r h0m muhim o rin tut0di. Ul0rg0 Yevr>p0 tikl0nish v0 t0r0qqiyot b0nki (YeTTB), %0lq0r> his>b-kit>bl0r b0nki (%%B), siyo t0r0qqiyot b0nki (TB), Isl>m t0r0qqiyot b0nki (ITB) v0 b>shq0l0r kir0di. TKRRLSH UCHUN SVLLR J0h>n Eo j0ligining h>zirgi d0vrd0 riv>jl0nishining o zig0 E>s eng muhim Eususiyatl0rini t0 rifl0b b5ring. J0h>n m0ml0k0tl0ri riv>jl0nish d0r0j0sig0 bin>0n j>yl0shishi, t0biiy-iqlim sh0r>itig0 q0r0b n5ch0 guruhg0 bo linishini 0niq mis>ll0r bil0n ko rs0tib b5ring. Iqtis>diyotni b0yn0lmin0ll0shuvi nim0? V0 uni iz>hl0b b5ring. %0lq0r> m5hn0t t0qsim>ti nim0 v0 u q0nd0y t0m>yill0rg0 0s>sl0n0di? H>zirgi v0qtd0 gl>b0ll0shuv j0r0yonining eng muhim t>m>nl0rini so zl0b b5ring. %0lq0r> iqtis>diy int5gr0tsiya nim0 v0 uning q0nd0y sh0kll0rini bil0siz? Erkin iqtis>diy hududl0r nim0? Ul0r b>shq0 hududl0rd0n nim0si bil0n f0rql0n0di? B>jE>n0 ittif>qi v0 to l>v ittif>qi bir-birid0n nim0 bil0n f0rql0n0di? Tushuntirib b5ring. %0lq0r> kr5dit nim0? Uning ij>biy v0 s0lbiy t>m>nl0rini iz>hl0b b5ring. J0h>n b>z>ri, E0lq0r> s0vd>-s>tiq mun>s0b0tl0rini q0nd0y tushun0siz? 11. %0lq0r> v0lyut0 tizimi, uning sh0kll0nish b>sqichl0ri, h0r bir tizimning ustunlik v0 k0mchilikl0ri nim0l0rd0n ib>r0t ek0nligini iz>hl0b b5ring. 12. J0h>nd0gi iqtis>diy 0l>q0l0rni t0rtibg0 s>luvchi E0lq0r> t0shkil>tl0rni s0n0b b5ring.   Dictionary of Economics by Heather Bateman, Katy McAdam, P. H. Collin page 218.A&C Black London 2003 eISBN-13: 978-1-4081-0221-3   Dictionary of Economics by Heather Bateman, Katy McAdam, P. H. Collin page 104.A&C Black London 2003 eISBN-13: 978-1-4081-0221-3   Dictionary of Economics by Heather Bateman, Katy McAdam, P. H. Collin page 104.A&C Black London 2003 eISBN-13: 978-1-4081-0221-3 .  O zbekiston Respublikasi Konstitutsiyasi ".  O zbekiston 1992-yil. 12-bet.  ECONOMICS FOR EVERYONE: ON-LINE GLOSSARY OF TERMS & CONCEPTS p.12  I.Karimov  Jahon moliyaviy-iqtisodiy inqirozi, O zbekiston sharoitida uni bartaraf etishning yo llari va choralari . ".  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