ࡱ> ( `/ 0DArialNew RomanTTnܖ2 0ܖ"DTimes New RomanTTnܖ2 0ܖ@ . @n?" dd@  @@`` H@dj    K 0AA 3!@3ʚ;ʚ;g4VdVdS 2 0dppp@ <4dddd  0Tn 80___PPT10 ppa LEXICAL PROBLEMS OF TRANSLATION !!31. COMPLETE LEXICAL CORRESPONDENCES 2. PARTIAL LEXICAL CORRESPONDENCES 3.TYPES OF LEXICAL TRANSFORMATIONS 4. ABSENCE OF LEXICAL CORRESPONDENCES Z kl   ! " $Lexical problems of translation 3 Due to the semantic features of language the meanings of words, their usage, ability to combine with other words, associations awakened by them, the place they hold in the lexical system of a language do not concur for the most part. All the same ideas expressed by words coincide in most cases, though the means of expression differ.As it is impossible to embrace all the cases of semantic differences between two languages, we shall restrict this course to the most typical features.The principal types of lexical correspondences between two languages are as follows:Complete correspondences.Partial correspondences.The absence of correspondences. P           COMPLETE LEXICAL CORRESPONDENCES!!3   .Complete correspondence of lexical units of two languages can rarely be found. As a rule they belong to the following lexical groups. Proper names and geographical denominations; Scientific and technical terms (with the exception of terminological polysemy); The months and days of the week, numerals. //6             PARTIAL LEXICAL CORRESPONDENCES !!3 xWhile translating the lexical units partial correspondences mostly occur. That happens when a word in the language of the original conforms to several equivalents in the language it is translated into. The reasons of these facts are the following.Most words in a language are polysemantic, and the system of word  meaning in one language does not concur with the same system in another language completely (compare the nouns house and table in English, Uzbek and Russian). That's why the selection of a word in the process of translating is determined by the context. =Z=B        THE LOGICAL MEANING OF THE WORD  3 )INDEPENDENT AND CONNECTED MEANING OF WORD**3) P The logical meaning of the word may be both independent and connected with other words. The letter can be understood in the given combination of words. A colour bar (F25B=>9/ O@:> >:@0H5==K9 10@L5@ ) was seen in the distance. There exist a colour bar (@0A>20O 48A:@8<8=0F8O) in the South Africa.)Z)      4     #THE MEANING OF THE WORD AND ITS USE$$3#  The meaning of the word shouldn t be mixed with its use. Sometimes even a monosemantic word can be combined with a lot of words and is rendered in Russian by different words: The word in the sentence may acquire so-called contextual meaning. It may be not constant, as a rule we can t find the contextual meaning of the word in the dictionary. But it always has something in common with the main meaning of the word.  In the atomic war common and children will be first hostage .The dictionary gives only one meaning of the given word-7>;>B=8:, but in the given sentence the word acquires a new meaning, 65@B20. It s a great difficulty to find out the contextual meaning of the word as the dictionary only gives hints how to search for the necessary word in our native town language. The majority of the words are known to be polysemantic and the context becomes especially important while translating polysemantic words as translating in different languages is quite different.^P=9 <G2K     : ?    @   @     pEach language has its own typical rules of combinability. The latter is limited by the system of the language. A language has generally established traditional combinations which do not concur with corresponding ones in another language. This gave shape to cliches peculiar to each language, which are used for describing particular situations: in English Wet paint; in Uzbek: -E,B8QB 1C;8=3, 1CO;30=! in Russian: AB>@>6=>, >:@0H5=>! FZ}!                        TYPES OF LEXICAL TRANSFORMATIONS!!!  In order to attain equivalence, despite the difference in formal and semantic systems of two languages, the translator is obliged to do various linguistic transformations. Their aims are: to ensure that the text imparts all the knowledge inferred in the original text, without violating the rules of the language it is translated into.The following three elementary types are deemed most suitable for describing all kinds of lexical transformations: Lexical substitutions; Supplementations; Omissions (dropping)1.Lexical substitutions. 1) In substitutions of lexical units words and stable word combinations are replaced by others which are not their equivalents. More often three cases are met with: a) a concrete definition  replacing a word with a broad sense by one of a narrower meaning (He is at school.  # <0:B0140 C:8948. oh CG8BAO 2 H:>;5; He is in the army.  # 0@<8O40 E87<0B :8;O?B8; OH A;C68B 2  ; b) generalization  replacing a word with a narrow meaning by one with a broader sense: a navajo blanket 6C= 04Q;, 8=459A:>5 >45O;>;an integral transformation (How do you do!  Ca;><!  4@02AB2C9B5!). 0P"PPil                                              Lexical substitutions !$  In substitutions of lexical units words and stable word combinations are replaced by others which are not their equivalents. More often three cases are met with: a) concrete definition  replacing a word with a broad sense by one of a narrower meaning (He is at school.  # <0:B0140 C:8948 / = CG8BAO 2 H:>;5; He is in the army / # 0@<8O40 E87<0B :8;O?B8; O= A;C68B 2  ; b) generalization  replacing a word with a narrow meaning by one with a broader sense: a navajo blanket 6C= 04Q;, 8=459A:>5 >45O;>; A) integral transformation (How do you do!  Ca;><!  4@02AB2C9B5!). YPP!j5!w!d          C    CC C   C  C    Antonymous translation !$  Antonymous translation is a complex lexico-grammatical substitution of a positive construction for a negative one (and vice versa), which is coupled with a replacement of a word by its antonym when translated Keep off grass  Ma9Aa ycB840= N@<0=3  5 E>48B5 ?> B@025.  Z      CC         Compensation  ! !ompensation is used when certain elements in the original text cannot be expressed in terms of the language it is translated into. In cases of this kind the same information is communicated by other means or in another place so as to make up the semantic deficiency: & He was ashamed of his parents...., because they said he don't and she don't...  # C7 >B0->=0A840= CO;0@48, GC=:8 C;0@ AC7;0@=8 =>B^@8 B0;0DDC7 :8;0@48;0@. ... = AB5A=O;AO A2>8E @>48B5;59, ?>B><C GB> >=8 3>2>@8;8 E>GCB 8 E>G5B5. PR           C C7 Supplementations> A formal inexpressibility of semantic components is the reason most met with for using supplementations as a way of lexical transformation. A formal inexpressibility of certain semantic components is especially of English wordcombinations N + N and Adj+ N: Pay claim  H E0:8=8 >H8@8H B0;018.  "@51>20=85 ?>2KA8BL 70@01>B=CN ?;0BC; Logical computer.  >38: >?5@0F8O;0@=8 1060@C2G8 8A>1;0H <0H8=0A8 - :><L?NB5@. lP !%3!5 3N   C*  C  Omissions 3 Omissions (dropping). In the process of lexical transformation of omission generally words with a surplus meaning are omitted (e. g. components of typically English pair  synonyms, possessive pronouns and exact measures) in order to give a more concrete expression. To raise one's eyebrows  /;B MB81 :0@0<>: ?>4=OBL 1@>28 (2 7=0: 87C<;5=8O) :X !"3      $"ABSENCE OF LEXICAL CORRESPONDENCES## !0Realia are words denoting objects, phenomena and so on, which are typical of a people. In order to render correctly the designation of objects referred to in the original and image associated with them it is necessary to know the tenor of life epoch and specific features of the country depicted in the original work.The following groups of words can be regarded as having no equivalents: realiae of everyday life  words denoting objects, phenomena etc. which typical of a people (cab, fire  place); 2) proper names and geographies! denominations; 3) addresses and greetings; 4) the titles of journals, magazines and newspapers; 5) weights, linear measures etc. P                   0` 33` Sf3f` 33g` f` www3PP` ZXdbmo` \ғ3y`Ӣ` 3f3ff` 3f3FKf` hk]wwwfܹ` ff>>\`Y{ff` R>&- {p_/̴>?" dd@,|?" dd@   " @ ` n?" dd@   @@``PR    @ ` ` p>> (    6̬  `}  V"1@075F 703>;>2:0 \  0ٓ  `  1@075F B5:AB0 B>@>9 C@>25=L "@5B89 C@>25=L '5B25@BK9 C@>25=L OBK9 C@>25=L M  0 ^ `  >*  0 ^   @*  0 ^ `  @*H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.n`| .D>@<;5=85 ?> C<>;G0=8N:  0  :(  r  S S  `}  S    S S  ` S  "H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.n`:  0 0 :(   r  S xS  `}  S    S S  ` S  "H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.nP):  0 p:(  r  S 'x  `}  x    S "x  ` x  "p`PpH  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.n݃H  0  H(     S   `}     S ,  `   "p`PpH  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.n Y  0 B:$(  $r $ S 8Y  `}     $ c $|@ @    Any grammatical phenomena or stylistic peculiarities do not always coincide with those of the foreign language as well as the meaning of the separate words which are lexical equivalents. The main meaning of the English word  table coincides with that of the Russian  AB>; has one additional meaning  ?8B0=85  ?0=A8>= means while in English we have the special words to express the idea:  board ,  room and board . At the same time English  table has the additional meaning to  B01;8F0 table AB>; board B01;8F0 ?8B0=85 room and board ?0=A8>= ]P]          *  p`PpH $ 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.npr$  0 0$(  0r 0 S D  `}  v  r 0 S H  ` v  H 0 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.n@d$  0 4$(  4r 4 S x  `}  v  r 4 S w  ` v  H 4 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.n]! 0   /J9] (  8%  < J9 #":. < j8 <|ǟ ?=  @ @` i8 <0C ?{ = z"O65;0O @0=0"  !  h8 <0 ? { _ A bad wound " !   g8 < ?=   @ @` f8 < ?{ =  p2"O65;K9/=5AG0AB=K9/A;CG09"! e8 < ? {  A bad accident "!, d8 < ?=   @ @` c8 < ?{ =  d&52>72@0I5==K9 4>;3"! b8 < ? {  ~ A bad debt "  !, a8 <@y ?=   @ @` `8 <˯ ?{ =  |;>E0O ?>3>40" !  _8 <и ? {  aA bad weather "!   ^8 <H_ ?=  @ @` ]8 <( ?{=  |@C10O >H81:0" !  \8 <쐯 ?{  aA bad mistake "!   [8 <PE ?=. @ @` Z8 <{ ?{.= h*!8;L=0O 3>;>2=0O 1>;L"! Y8 <Pi ?.{ A bad headache "!, C8 <t ?=. @ @` B8 << ?{=. |0G0;0AL =>GL" !  A8 <* ?{. kThe night is young "!   @8 <Z ?= @ @` ?8 < ?{= (5>?KB=K9 ?@5ABC?=8:"!    >8 < ?{ kYoung in a crime "!   =8 <@ ?=" @ @` <8 <8 ?{"= \>;>4>9 G5;>25:"! ;8 <ڡ ?"{ sA young man "!   :8 <& ?=<" @ @` 98 <ơ ?{<=" t 0;5=:89 @51Q=>:"!C 88 <\ ?<{" _ A young child" !  ZB k8 s *1 ?<<ZB l8 s *1 ?ZB m8 s *1 ?<ZB n8 s *1 ?<ZB q8 s *1 ?""ZB s8 s *1 ?{<{ZB v8 s *1 ?=<=ZB z8 s *1 ?ZB 8 s *1 ?ZB 8 s *1 ?..ZB 8 s *1 ?ZB  9 s *1 ?  ZB 9 s *1 ?  ZB #9 s *1 ?  ZB 09 s *1 ?  H 8 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.nW 0   (W (  (l j    (# #" 3B  ( <4 ? RJB___PPT9$ Most difficulties are encountered when translating the so called pseudo- international words, i.e. words which are similar in form in both languages, but differ in meaning or use. The regular correspondence of such words in spelling and sometimes in articulation (in compliance with the regularities of each language), coupled with the structure of word- building in both languages may lead to a false identification (e. g. in English: moment, in Uzbek: ;0E70, in Russian: <><5=B, 206=>ABL, 7=0G8B5;L=>ABL)m A&&j&&!&!&6                HB ( C  HB  ( C  HB  ( C HB  ( C   ( B4] B6 9  H ( 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.n*:  0 @H:(  Hr H S   `}    H S <  `   "p`PpH H 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.n0+:  0 PL:(  Lr L S HI  `}    L S d]  `   "p`PpH L 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.n@\$  0 `P$(  Pr P S (  `}   r P S   `   H P 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.n0:9:  0 pT:(  Tr T S   `}    T S `  `   "p`PpH T 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.nU:  0 X:(  Xr X S $`  `}    X S ]  `   "p`PpH X 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.n:  0 \:(  \r \ S   `}    \ S d  `   "p`PpH \ 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.ne1:  0 `:(  `r ` S   `}    ` S   `   "p`PpH ` 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.n%:  0 d:(  dr d S ,  `}    d S t  `   "H d 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.n@>rP0ƍJܖsVH 1ʃ( `/ 0DArialNew RomanPP,uؖ2 0ؖDTimeOh+'0 4 `h  $LEXICAL PROBLEMS OF TRANSLATION UserUser2Microsoft Office PowerPoint@[L@&n@ƷrG3g  |&" WMFC 'lx EMF'ZGF(GDICx!b $$==% % V0xx x % % $$AA" FGDICF(GDICl.wFGDICF(GDIC6ljwFGDICF(GDICFGDICRp@ArialgXAriall( @Arial 0uO0)0ړ0(ۓ<˓Xv %0$08dv%    3T @AALLEXICAL PROBLEMS OF TRANSLATION % ( F(GDIClFGDICRp@ArialHO0`0@Arial  " & 0 8 : "!"!4Le0-_0-xuU0|0-0(ܓhuK0tv 0 - 0tM 0k {(`0dv%    TT  "@AA "LP"  % ( Rp@Arial080(,wk |%(:|| |w!P+w @wk |!l4w?w @w FJnwwk |(ܓ |0(ۓD0\`p O0p0ܓ( "?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrtuvwxyz{|}~Root EntrydO),Ʒr@Current User,SummaryInformation(sP4PowerPoint Document(NiDocumentSummaryInformation8s New RomanPP,uؖ2 0ؖ@ . @n?" dd@  @@`` H@dj    K 0AA 3!@3ʚ;ʚ;g4YdYdؓ2 0ppp@ <4dddd 0Pu 80___PPT10 pps LEXICAL PROBLEMS OF TRANSLATION !!31. COMPLETE LEXICAL CORRESPONDENCES 2. PARTIAL LEXICAL CORRESPONDENCES 3.TYPES OF LEXICAL TRANSFORMATIONS 4. ABSENCE OF LEXICAL CORRESPONDENCES Z kl   ! " $Lexical problems of translation 3 Due to the semantic features of language the meanings of words, their usage, ability to combine with other words, associations awakened by them, the place they hold in the lexical system of a language do not concur for the most part. All the same ideas expressed by words coincide in most cases, though the means of expression differ.As it is impossible to embrace all the cases of semantic differences between two languages, we shall restrict this course to the most typical features.The principal types of lexical correspondences between two languages are as follows:Complete correspondences.Partial correspondences.The absence of correspondences. P           COMPLETE LEXICAL CORRESPONDENCES!!3   .Complete correspondence of lexical units of two languages can rarely be found. As a rule they belong to the following lexical groups. Proper names and geographical denominations; Scientific and technical terms (with the exception of terminological polysemy); The months and days of the week, numerals. //6             PARTIAL LEXICAL CORRESPONDENCES !!3 xWhile translating the lexical units partial correspondences mostly occur. That happens when a word in the language of the original conforms to several equivalents in the language it is translated into. The reasons of these facts are the following.Most words in a language are polysemantic, and the system of word  meaning in one language does not concur with the same system in another language completely (compare the nouns house and table in English, Uzbek and Russian). That's why the selection of a word in the process of translating is determined by the context. =Z=B        THE LOGICAL MEANING OF THE WORD  3 )INDEPENDENT AND CONNECTED MEANING OF WORD**3) P The logical meaning of the word may be both independent and connected with other words. The letter can be understood in the given combination of words. A colour bar (F25B=>9/ O@:> >:@0H5==K9 10@L5@ ) was seen in the distance. There exist a colour bar (@0A>20O 48A:@8<8=0F8O) in the South Africa.)Z)      4     #THE MEANING OF THE WORD AND ITS USE$$3#  The meaning of the word shouldn t be mixed with its use. Sometimes even a monosemantic word can be combined with a lot of words and is rendered in Russian by different words: The word in the sentence may acquire so-called contextual meaning. It may be not constant, as a rule we can t find the contextual meaning of the word in the dictionary. But it always has something in common with the main meaning of the word.  In the atomic war common and children will be first hostage .The dictionary gives only one meaning of the given word-7>;>B=8:, but in the given sentence the word acquires a new meaning, 65@B20. It s a great difficulty to find out the contextual meaning of the word as the dictionary only gives hints how to search for the necessary word in our native town language. The majority of the words are known to be polysemantic and the context becomes especially important while translating polysemantic words as translating in different languages is quite different.^P=9 <G2K     : ?    @   @      pEach language has its own typical rules of combinability. The latter is limited by the system of the language. A language has generally established traditional combinations which do not concur with corresponding ones in another language. This gave shape to cliches peculiar to each language, which are used for describing particular situations: in English Wet paint; in Uzbek: -E,B8QB 1C;8=3, 1CO;30=! in Russian: AB>@>6=>, >:@0H5=>! FZ}!                        TYPES OF LEXICAL TRANSFORMATIONS!!!  In order to attain equivalence, despite the difference in formal and semantic systems of two languages, the translator is obliged to do various linguistic transformations. Their aims are: to ensure that the text imparts all the knowledge inferred in the original text, without violating the rules of the language it is translated into.The following three elementary types are deemed most suitable for describing all kinds of lexical transformations: Lexical substitutions; Supplementations; Omissions (dropping)1.Lexical substitutions. 1) In substitutions of lexical units words and stable word combinations are replaced by others which are not their equivalents. More often three cases are met with: a) a concrete definition  replacing a word with a broad sense by one of a narrower meaning (He is at school.  # <0:B0140 C:8948. oh CG8BAO 2 H:>;5; He is in the army.  # 0@<8O40 E87<0B :8;O?B8; OH A;C68B 2  ; b) generalization  replacing a word with a narrow meaning by one with a broader sense: a navajo blanket 6C= 04Q;, 8=459A:>5 >45O;>;an integral transformation (How do you do!  Ca;><!  4@02AB2C9B5!). 0P"PPil                                              Lexical substitutions !$  In substitutions of lexical units words and stable word combinations are replaced by others which are not their equivalents. More often three cases are met with: a) concrete definition  replacing a word with a broad sense by one of a narrower meaning (He is at school.  # <0:B0140 C:8948 / = CG8BAO 2 H:>;5; He is in the army / # 0@<8O40 E87<0B :8;O?B8; O= A;C68B 2  ; b) generalization  replacing a word with a narrow meaning by one with a broader sense: a navajo blanket 6C= 04Q;, 8=459A:>5 >45O;>; A) integral transformation (How do you do!  Ca;><!  4@02AB2C9B5!). YPP!j5!w!d          C    CC C   C  C    Antonymous translation !$  Antonymous translation is a complex lexico-grammatical substitution of a positive construction for a negative one (and vice versa), which is coupled with a replacement of a word by its antonym when translated Keep off grass  Ma9Aa ycB840= N@<0=3  5 E>48B5 ?> B@025.  Z      CC         Compensation  ! !ompensation is used when certain elements in the original text cannot be expressed in terms of the language it is translated into. In cases of this kind the same information is communicated by other means or in another place so as to make up the semantic deficiency: & He was ashamed of his parents...., because they said he don't and she don't...  # C7 >B0->=0A840= CO;0@48, GC=:8 C;0@ AC7;0@=8 =>B^@8 B0;0DDC7 :8;0@48;0@. ... = AB5A=O;AO A2>8E @>48B5;59, ?>B><C GB> >=8 3>2>@8;8 E>GCB 8 E>G5B5. PR           C C7 Supplementations> A formal inexpressibility of semantic components is the reason most met with for using supplementations as a way of lexical transformation. A formal inexpressibility of certain semantic components is especially of English wordcombinations N + N and Adj+ N: Pay claim  H E0:8=8 >H8@8H B0;018.  "@51>20=85 ?>2KA8BL 70@01>B=CN ?;0BC; Logical computer.  >38: >?5@0F8O;0@=8 1060@C2G8 8A>1;0H <0H8=0A8 - :><L?NB5@. lP !%3!5 3N   C*  C  Omissions 3 Omissions (dropping). In the process of lexical transformation of omission generally words with a surplus meaning are omitted (e. g. components of typically English pair  synonyms, possessive pronouns and exact measures) in order to give a more concrete expression. To raise one's eyebrows  /;B MB81 :0@0<>: ?>4=OBL 1@>28 (2 7=0: 87C<;5=8O) :X !"3      $"ABSENCE OF LEXICAL CORRESPONDENCES## !0Realia are words denoting objects, phenomena and so on, which are typical of a people. In order to render correctly the designation of objects referred to in the original and image associated with them it is necessary to know the tenor of life epoch and specific features of the country depicted in the original work.The following groups of words can be regarded as having no equivalents: realiae of everyday life  words denoting objects, phenomena etc. which typical of a people (cab, fire  place); 2) proper names and geographies! denominations; 3) addresses and greetings; 4) the titles of journals, magazines and newspapers; 5) weights, linear measures etc. P                rH $i1 ՜.+,0    ARePack by SPecialiSTNiU' ArialTimes New Roman !LEXICAL PROBLEMS OF TRANSLATION Lexical problems of translation!COMPLETE LEXICAL CORRESPONDENCES!PARTIAL LEXICAL CORRESPONDENCES THE LOGICAL MEANING OF THE WORD*INDEPENDENT AND CONNECTED MEANING OF WORD$THE MEANING OF THE WORD AND ITS USE 8 9 10!TYPES OF LEXICAL TRANSFORMATIONSLexical substitutionsAntonymous translation CompensationSupplementations Omissions#ABSENCE OF LEXICAL CORRESPONDENCES