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R R/zhRB!Bh!?R"k D&'iKa Aza?hR I!B!=T)u!4Bz6HM ^FRI'ӥ)JR/#KdQZ!Ղ(,]HBQzr_D!5)JRRJSZFХ.zA@R/BjA~&/BՏV6=nJR*Q_>.R]!4RHBҔ^+ԣ'ϢJ_ "zXߦ)J_]: BEE(!>kKލ_EBz)tF/ӟB OD&Bmi}J]^Z_u֗HBk}0/!OD֔HAdA/!)4Ma BBBD&JR2dɓ:BOSD' =/Q("!~VKO222 AAAz@ H  *Ғ *       #~P _H]G JRE)JR)JR)tRE)tRE+(&Q(FR)JR)tҔ.Z_])~_5c ?E)K֔ZI/_Mtz!&jO~wD6].zR7(RğFg\o$k"kRȓ,/ҖL0D7YtA!!hN}7] O"ǰ{ zsg ڛ&c҉!-!AiDcIueNOqȜAm&E1J&"z!4LDik1i? }&^iF} hZR4(B 5M.?ЧJ`oL{Z>Mwg#nEtyZM`B D_\tU#*$%I)NM htMK"zVIN ,z! UL{2v# 蠞^!5_^'D>s.# =\ap`WM FO:CKFKO<_"MD4>0C'3r!1"iE-.җVD J H2WL}"EQS B jKEk>f(0T5t30OI" Ah`=$^Z6N]a>M:W4OHRiRHB*S,@iEkǯW 2( / 00DArialNew Romanppv2 0"DTahomaew Romanppv2 0" DWingdingsRomanppv2 00DTimes New Romanppv2 0 A . @n?" dd@  @@`` 0%K HHHHHGR/X$R$ u0 |`  0AA@8  3ʚ;ʚ;g4VdVd(2 0dppp@  <4dddd<8 0p80___PPT10 2-!Grammatical issues of translation""!Every language has a specific system which differs from that of any others. This is all the more so with respect to English, Uzbek and Russian, whose grammatical systems are typologically and genetically heterogeneous (kelib chiqishi jihatdan har xil). English and Russian belong to the Germanic and Slavonic groups respectively in the Indo-European family of languages. The Uzbek language patronize to the Turkish group of the language. Concerning the-morphological type both English and Russian are inflected, through the former is notable for its analytical character and the latter for its synthetic character in the main, Uzbek is an agglutinative language.P            (The comparison of the following examples will help to illustrate the difference between the languages considered. The hunter killed wolf / ovchi bo rini o ldirdi. In English the order of words is fixed. The model of simple declarative sentences in this language is as follows:*r0sb      s . This means that subject (S) is placed in the first position verb (V) in the second position. If the predicate is expressed by a transitive verb when in the third position we find the object (O) that is S-Vtr-O. Any violation of the order of the word brings about a change or distortion of the meaning //.  ]  XThe principal types of grammatical correspondences between two languages are as follows:YYX W a) complete correspondence b) partial correspondence c) the absence of correspondenceW  %COMPLETE MORPHOLOGICAL CORRESPONDENCE&&% Complete morphological correspondence is observed when in the languages considered there are identical grammatical categories with identical particular meanings. In all the three languages there is a grammatical category of number. Both the general categorical and particular meanings are alike: NUMBER SINGULAR- PLURAL Such correspondence may be called complete. (^   $PARTIAL MORPHOLOGICAL CORRESPONDENCE%%$ rPartial morphological correspondence is observed when in the languages examined there are grammatical categories ways identical categorical meanings but with some difference in the particular meanings. In the languages considered there is a grammatical category of case in nouns. Though the categorical meaning is identical in all the languages the particular meanings are different both from the point of view of their number and the meanings they express. English has 2 particular meanings while Uzbek and Russian have 6. Though latter two languages have the same quantity of particular cases, their meaning do not coincide.sZsr  'ABSENCE OF MORPHOLOGICAL CORRESPONDENCE((' BAbsence of morphological correspondence is observed when there are corresponding grammatical categories in the languages examined. As for instance in Uzbek there is a grammatical category of possessiveness, which shows the affixation of things to one of the three grammatical persons, e.g. Uzbek Kitob-im Kitob-ing Kitob-i2"Z! Z'b'         tThis grammatical category is neither found in English nor in Russian. These languages use pronouns for this purpose.uut J English Uzbek Russian My book /mening kitobim / >O :=830 Your book /sening kitobing / T2>O :=830 His/her book/ uning kitobi / 3> /55 :=830 - yf6                           !COMPLETE SYNTACTIC CORRESPONDENCE""! By complete syntactic correspondence is understood the conformity in structure and sequence of words in word-combinations and sentences. Complete syntactic correspondence is rarely to be found in the languages examined here. However, the pattern adj+noun is used in word-combination: red flags / qizil bayroqlar, / :@0A=K5 7=0<Q=0. The same may be said of sentences in cases when the predicate of the simple sentences is expressed by an intransitive verb: he laughed-u kuldi, >= 70A<5O;AO.P  *              PARTIAL SYNTACTIC CORRESPONDENCE!!  By partial syntactic correspondence in word- combinations is understood the conformity in meaning but discrepancy in the structure of phase. Partial syntactic correspondence in word-combinations are found in this following patterns.   Attributes formed by the collocation of words. Owing to the fact that English is poor in grammatical inflections, attributes are widely formed by means of mere collocation of words in accordance with the pattern N(1) N(2) which expressed the following type of relations.  0The Uzbek and Russian versions are marked, while English is unsnarled. Besides in Russian the transposition is observed. As it is seen in the examples cited, languages differ as to the way they express these relations, though they maintain identical relations between the components of word-combinations.110 : Word-combination whose first component is expressed by a numeral. One book / bitta kitob / 4=0 :=830 Two books/ ikkita kitob/ 25 :=838 Three books / uchta kitob/ "@8 :=838 Four books/ to rtta kitob/ '5BK@5 :=838 Five books / beshta kitob/ OBL :=83 The order of words in these combinations is the same in all the three languages, though the manner of expressing plurality differs in the second components.2E ZZ ZN                                       #ABCENCE OF SYNTACTIC CORRESPONDENCE$$# CBy absence of syntactic correspondence we mean lack of certain syntactic construction in the target languages, which were used in the Source language. In English this concerns syntactic constructions with non- finite forms of the verb which compose the extended part of a sentence with incomplete or secondary predications.DZDC  I heard the door open / eshik ochilganini eshitdim/ / A;KH0;, :0: 425@L >B:@K;0AL.  TR                In the English sentences the predicative construction which functions as an object is composed of a noun in the common case and an infinitive. In Uzbek this construction corresponds to the word-combination  eshik ochilganini which carries out the same function, though there is neither structural in morphological conformity: it is a word combination expressed by a noun and participle., H         0` 3f` ]fff3` W.f36d` ff3fffe̙` 3f3` kuos` f___ff̙` /!fff3̙>?" dd@,? 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P:40   0 00(  x  c $m X(   x  c $n X `   H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.M$   0 @d$(  dr d S ס X `    r d S ء X `   H d 0޽h ? 3f80___PPT10.iO j)$   0 Ph$(  hr h S t X `X   r h S 臡 X `   H h 0޽h ? 3f80___PPT10.iO`$   0 `l$(  lr l S (L X `    r l S M X `   H l 0޽h ? 3f80___PPT10.jO"O$   0 pp$(  pr p S CS X `   S  r p S  S X ` S  H p 0޽h ? 3f80___PPT10.PP4-$   0 t$(  tr t S K% X `   %  r t S <% X ` %  H t 0޽h ? 3f80___PPT10.P r$   0 x$(  xr x S S X `   %  r x S VS X ` %  H x 0޽h ? 3f80___PPT10.PP$   0 |$(  |r | S s% X `   %  r | S @w% X ` %  H | 0޽h ? 3f80___PPT10.PЬe$   0 $(  r  S `% X `   %  r  S  X ` %  H  0޽h ? 3f80___PPT10.PZ   0 zQ(  r  S X% X `   %  r  S P% X ` %  `v  P# #""<RQQ0 `   <` ?  [ADI-N&#    << ?  a N(1) N(2) &  #    <XӒ ? b N(1) }N(2) &  #    <Ò ?  &!B5:;O==0O B@C1>G:0&#4       <l ?   Shisha trubka& #4      < ? ` Glass tube&  #    < ? F ]Russian&#    <Ȁ ?F  [Uzbek&#    <ho ?F ^English & #    <С ? F >  @`  <l\ ? F a Attributive&  #    < ?F >  @`ZB  s *1 ?ZB  s *1 ?ZB  s *1 ?ZB   s *1 ?ZB # s *1 ?FFZB % s *1 ?ZB ( s *1 ? ZB , s *1 ?ZB 9 s *1 ?~ Q B/ 3 3  H  0޽h ? 3f80___PPT10.P $   0 $(  r  S $B X `   /  r  S  X ` /  H  0޽h ? 3f80___PPT10.Q>$   0 $(  r  S / X `   /  r  S D/ X ` /  H  0޽h ? 3f80___PPT10.Q[m$   0 $(  r  S T X `   /  r  S (D X ` /  H  0޽h ? 3f80___PPT10.QPbrL{C2=EG J7LcNPRTW-hYjl  n14( / 00DArialNew RomanPPuؖ2 0ؖ"DTahomaew RomanPPOh+'0 px    (PowerPoint PresentationOceanUser5Microsoft PowerPoint@`u7!@@@_K_iGhg  ,V'&" WMFC& <8B=8: C18; 2>;:0. This means that subject (S) is placed in the first position verb (V) in the second position. If the predicate is expressed by a transitive verb when in the third position we find the object (O) that is S-Vtr-O. Any violation of the order of the word brings about a change or distortion of the meaning 6wPE.   ]  XThe principal types of grammatical correspondences between two languages are as follows:YYX W a) complete correspondence b) partial correspondence c) the absence of correspondenceW  %COMPLETE MORPHOLOGICAL CORRESPONDENCE&&f3% Complete morphological correspondence is observed when in the languages considered there are identical grammatical categories with identical particular meanings. In all the three languages there is a grammatical category of number. Both the general categorical and particular meanings are alike: NUMBER SINGULAR- PLURAL Such correspondence may be called complete.F(^ 7f3& f3  $PARTIAL MORPHOLOGICAL CORRESPONDENCE%%f3$ rPartial morphological correspondence is observed when in the languages examined there are grammatical categories with identical categorical meanings but with some difference in the particular meanings. In the languages considered there is a grammatical category of case in nouns. Though the categorical meaning is identical in all the languages the particular meanings are different both from the point of view of their number and the meanings they express. English has 2 particular meanings while Uzbek and Russian have 6. Though latter two languages have the same quantity of particular cases, their meaning do not coincide.sZs.r    'ABSENCE OF MORPHOLOGICAL CORRESPONDENCE((' EAbsence of morphological correspondence is observed when there are no corresponding grammatical categories in the languages examined. As for instance in Uzbek there is a grammatical category of possessiveness, which shows the affixation of things to one of the three grammatical persons, e.g. Uzbek Kitob-im Kitob-ing Kitob-i2%Z! Z*b*         tThis grammatical category is neither found in English nor in Russian. These languages use pronouns for this purpose.uut J English Uzbek Russian My book /mening kitobim / >O :=830 Your book /sening kitobing / T2>O :=830 His/her book/ uning kitobi / 3> /55 :=830 Z- yBf3$f3(f3f6                           !COMPLETE SYNTACTIC CORRESPONDENCE""! By complete syntactic correspondence is understood the conformity in structure and sequence of words in word-combinations and sentences. Complete syntactic correspondence is rarely to be found in the languages examined here. However, the pattern adj+noun is used in word-combination: red flags / qizil bayroqlar, / :@0A=K5 7=0<Q=0. The same may be said of sentenc  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijkmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~  7 !"#$%&'()*+,-./01456b89:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`acdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz|}~Root EntrydO)8uK_i3@ PicturesCurrent User,SummaryInformation(ȭPowerPoint Document(lDocumentSummaryInformation8uؖ2 0ؖ" DWingdingsRomanPPuؖ2 0ؖ0DTimes New RomanPPuؖ2 0ؖ A . @n?" dd@  @@`` 0%K HHHHHGR/X$R$ u0 |`  0AAf3@8  3ʚ;ʚ;g4YdYd2 0ppp@  <4dddd8 0P80___PPT10 .!Grammatical issues of translation""!Every language has a specific system which differs from that of any others. This is all the more so with respect to English, Uzbek and Russian, whose grammatical systems are typologically and genetically heterogeneous (kelib chiqishi jihatdan har xil). English and Russian belong to the Germanic and Slavonic groups respectively in the Indo-European family of languages. The Uzbek language patronize to the Turkish group of the language. Concerning the-morphological type both English and Russian are inflected, through the former is notable for its analytical character and the latter for its synthetic character in the main, Uzbek is an agglutinative language.P             The comparison of the following examples will help to illustrate the difference between the languages considered. In English the order of words is fixed. The model of simple declarative sentences in this language is as follows:  The hunter killed the wolf. 2G8 1C@8=8 C;48@48. E>B=8: C18; 2>;:0. This means that subject (S) is placed in the first position verb (V) in the second position. If the predicate is expressed by a transitive verb when in the third position we find the object (O) that is S-Vtr-O. Any violation of the order of the word brings about a change or distortion of the meaning 6wPE.   ]  XThe principal types of grammatical correspondences between two languages are as follows:YYX W a) complete correspondence b) partial correspondence c) the absence of correspondenceW  %COMPLETE MORPHOLOGICAL CORRESPONDENCE&&f3% Complete morphological correspondence is observed when in the languages considered there are identical grammatical categories with identical particular meanings. In all the three languages there is a grammatical category of number. Both the general categorical and particular meanings are alike: NUMBER SINGULAR- PLURAL Such correspondence may be called complete.F(^ 7f3& f3  $PARTIAL MORPHOLOGICAL CORRESPONDENCE%%f3$ rPartial morphological correspondence is observed when in the languages examined there are grammatical categories with identical categorical meanings but with some difference in the particular meanings. In the languages considered there is a grammatical category of case in nouns. Though the categorical meaning is identical in all the languages the particular meanings are different both from the point of view of their number and the meanings they express. English has 2 particular meanings while Uzbek and Russian have 6. Though latter two languages have the same quantity of particular cases, their meaning do not coincide.sZs.r    'ABSENCE OF MORPHOLOGICAL CORRESPONDENCE((' EAbsence of morphological correspondence is observed when there are no corresponding grammatical categories in the languages examined. As for instance in Uzbek there is a grammatical category of possessiveness, which shows the affixation of things to one of the three grammatical persons, e.g. Uzbek Kitob-im Kitob-ing Kitob-i2%Z! Z*b*         tThis grammatical category is neither found in English nor in Russian. These languages use pronouns for this purpose.uut J English Uzbek Russian My book /mening kitobim / >O :=830 Your book /sening kitobing / T2>O :=830 His/her book/ uning kitobi / 3> /55 :=830 Z- yBf3$f3(f3f6                           !COMPLETE SYNTACTIC CORRESPONDENCE""! By complete syntactic correspondence is understood the conformity in structure and sequence of words in word-combinations and sentences. Complete syntactic correspondence is rarely to be found in the languages examined here. However, the pattern adj+noun is used in word-combination: red flags / qizil bayroqlar, / :@0A=K5 7=0<Q=0. The same may be said of sentences in cases when the predicate of the simple sentences is expressed by an intransitive verb: he laughed / u kuldi / >= 70A<5O;AO.<P/f3~%f3  *              PARTIAL SYNTACTIC CORRESPONDENCE!!f3  By partial syntactic correspondence in word- combinations is understood the conformity in meaning but discrepancy in the structure of phase. Partial syntactic correspondence in word-combinations are found in this following patterns.   Attributes formed by the collocation of words. Owing to the fact that English is poor in grammatical inflections, attributes are widely formed by means of mere collocation of words in accordance with the pattern N(1) N(2) which expressed the following type of relations.  0The Uzbek and Russian versions are marked, while English is unsnarled. Besides in Russian the transposition is observed. As it is seen in the examples cited, languages differ as to the way they express these relations, though they maintain identical relations between the components of word-combinations.110 : Word-combination whose first component is expressed by a numeral. One book / bitta kitob / 4=0 :=830 Two books/ ikkita kitob/ 25 :=838 Three books / uchta kitob/ "@8 :=838 Four books/ to rtta kitob/ '5BK@5 :=838 Five books / beshta kitob/ OBL :=83 The order of words in these combinations is the same in all the three languages, though the manner of expressing plurality differs in the second components.2E ZZ ZN                                       #ABCENCE OF SYNTACTIC CORRESPONDENCE$$# CBy absence of syntactic correspondence we mean lack of certain syntactic construction in the target languages, which were used in the Source language. In English this concerns syntactic constructions with non- finite forms of the verb which compose the extended part of a sentence with incomplete or secondary predications.DZDC  I heard the door open / eshik ochilganini eshitdim/ / A;KH0;, :0: 425@L >B:@K;0AL.  TR                In the English sentences the predicative construction which functions as an object is composed of a noun in the common case and an infinitive. In Uzbek this construction corresponds to the word-combination  eshik ochilganini which carries out the same function, though there is neither structural in morphological conformity: it is a word combination expressed by a noun and participle., H      $   0 @d$(  dr d S \SX `    r d S = 70A<5O;AO.<P/f3~%f3  *              PARTIAL SYNTACTIC CORRESPONDENCE!!f3  By partial syntactic correspondence in word- combinations is understood the conformity in meaning but discrepancy in the structure of phase. Partial syntactic correspondence in word-combinations are found in this following patterns.  Partial syntactic correspondence is also observed in complete polycomponent prepositive attributes with inner predication as in the following examplesV      ~ this to be or not to be struggle /E0QB-<0<>B :C@0H8 / 1>@L10 =5 =0 687=L, 0 =0 c<5@BL.Go to hell voice / 4030; >2>7 / 3@C1K9 3>;>A. By partial syntactic correspondence in sentences is understood the divergence in the order of words, omission or partial substitution of parts of sentences: It's forbidden to smoke here. C 5@40 G5:8H <0= :8;8=30=. C@8BL 745AL 70?@5I5=>. With that he blew out his candle. # H0<=8 CG8@48. = 704C; A25GC.  P%f3 f3 f3$f3                                    Attributes formed by the collocation of words. Owing to the fact that English is poor in grammatical inflections, attributes are widely formed by means of mere collocation of words in accordance with the pattern N(1) N(2) which expressed the following type of relations.  0The Uzbek and Russian versions are marked, while English is unsnarled. Besides in Russian the transposition is observed. As it is seen in the examples cited, languages differ as to the way they express these relations, though they maintain identical relations between the components of word-combinations.110 : Word-combination whose first component is expressed by a numeral. One book / bitta kitob / 4=0 :=830 Two books/ ikkita kitob/ 25 :=838 Three books / uchta kitob/ "@8 :=838 Four books/ to rtta kitob/ '5BK@5 :=838 Five books / beshta kitob/ OBL :=83 The order of words in these combinations is the same in all the three languages, though the manner of expressing plurality differs in the second components.2E ZZ ZN                                       #ABCENCE OF SYNTACTIC CORRESPONDENCE$$# CBy absence of syntactic correspondence we mean lack of certain syntactic construction in the target languages, which were used in the Source language. In English this concerns syntactic constructions with non- finite forms of the verb which compose the extended part of a sentence with incomplete or secondary predications.DZDC  I heard the door open / eshik ochilganini eshitdim/ / A;KH0;, :0: 425@L >B:@K;0AL. PTf3                In the English sentences the predicative construction which functions as an object is composed of a noun in the common case and an infinitive. In Uzbek this construction corresponds to the word-combination  eshik ochilganini which carries out the same function, though there is neither structural in morphological conformity: it is a word combination expressed by a noun and participle., H      %TYPES OF GRAMMATICAL TRANSFORMATIONS &$ $$ In order to attain the fullest information from one language into another one is obliged to resort to numerous interlinguistic lexical and grammatical transformations.Grammatical transformations are as follows: Substitution Transposition Omission Supplementation The cited types of elementary transformations as such are rarely used in the process of translating. Usually they combine with each other, assuming the nature of "complex* interlinguistic transformations. .P4`             Substitution f3 FBy substitution we understand the substitution of one part of speech by another or one form of a word by another. Consequently there are two kinds of substitution constituting a grammatical type of transformation: substitution of parts of speech and the grammatical form of a word. He says he will come # :5;8H8=8 09BO?B8 (substantivized participle ending) = 3>2>@8B, GB> ?@845B (the future tense form of a verb is used) The climb had been easier than he expected. CB0@8;8H C :CB30=40= >A=@>: 1C;48. >4=OBLAO >:070;>AL ;53G5, G5< >= >6840;.  0f3%),$f3(.     *      + Transposition$ f3 4Transposition is understood to be the change of position (order) of linguistic elements in the Target language in comparison with the Source language A big scarlet Rolls Royce had just stopped in front of the local post office. 0E4;;89 0;>:0 1C;8<8 >;4840 :878; @0=34038 :0BB0 >;L7 >9A 02B><0H8=0A8 BCEB048. # <5AB=>3> ?>GB>2>3> >B45;5=8O >AB0=>28;0AL :><D>@B015;L=0O 02B><0H8=0 0;>3> F25B0 >;L7 >9A. NOSf3a         Q Omission  lAs a type of grammatical transformation  omission is necessitated by grammatical redundancy of certain forms in two languages. He raised his hand. # :C;8=8 :CB0@48. = ?>4=O; @C:C. ,Zf3          Addition  rAddition, as a type of grammatical transformation, can be met with in cases of formal inexpressiveness of grammatical or semantic components in the language of the original text. Also, there was an awkward hesitancy at times, as he essayed the new words he had learnt. 0J7840 C O:8=4038=0 C@30=0=30= O=38 AC7;0@8=8 B0;0DDC7 :8;8H30 E,>78@;0=81, BCEB01 :>;0@48. =>340 >= 70?8=0;AO, 3>B>2OAL ?@>87=5AB8 A;>20, :>B>@>5 >= B>;L:> =5402=> 2KCG8;. The meaning of the verbal form is expressed in Russian by the words B>;L:> =5402=> and in Uzbek by the adverb  O:8=4038=0 <:P ]f3R~             Q        :   0 :(  r  S H#ZX `   Z   S #ZX ` Z "p`PpH  0޽h ? 3f80___PPT10.Xi`)`$   0 $(  r  S u[X `   [ r  S v[X ` [ H  0޽h ? 3f80___PPT10.QPb:   0 :(  r  S ZX `   Z   S LZX ` Z "p`PpH  0޽h ? 3f80___PPT10.Yi\$   0  $(  r  S K5X `   5 r  S 8F5X0PP  5 H  0޽h ? 3f80___PPT10.YiП2   0 0 2(    S  %2X `   2 r  S ,2X0PP  2 H  0޽h ? 3f80___PPT10.ZiP>:   0 @:(  r  S p5X `   5   S h5X ` 5 "p`PpH  0޽h ? 3f80___PPT10.[i:   0 P:(  r  S xH X `      S  X `   "p`PpH  0޽h ? 3f80___PPT10.\i0lr(Kpr" N"$& ' )1f( / 00DArialNew RomanPPuؖ2 0ؖNSFORMATIONS Substitution Transposition Omission Addition    D 4<Version"DTahomaew RomanPPuؖ2 0ؖ" DWingdingsRomanPPuؖ2 0ؖ0DTimes New RomanPPuؖ2 0ؖ A . @n?" dd@  @@`` ,$`+] HHHHHGR !"#$%/X$R$ u0 |`  0AAf3@8  3ʚ;ʚ;g4VdVd2 0dppp@  <4dddd8 0P80___PPT10 .`!Grammatical issues of translation""!Every language has a specific system which differs from that of any others. This is all the more so with respect to English, Uzbek and Russian, whose grammatical systems are typologically and genetically heterogeneous (kelib chiqishi jihatdan har xil). English and Russian belong to the Germanic and Slavonic groups respectively in the Indo-European family of languages. The Uzbek language patronize to the Turkish group of the language. Concerning the-morphological type both English and Russian are inflected, through the former is notable for its analytical character and the latter for its synthetic character in the main, Uzbek is an agglutinative language.P             The comparison of the following examples will help to illustrate the difference between the languages considered. In English the order of words is fixed. The model of simple declarative sentences in this language is as follows:  The hunter killed the wolf. 2G8 1C@8=8 C;48@48. E>B=8: C18; 2>;:0. This means that subject (S) is placed in the first position verb (V) in the second position. If the predicate is expressed by a transitive verb when in the third position we find the object (O) that is S-Vtr-O. Any violation of the order of the word brings about a change or distortion of the meaning 6wPE.   ]  XThe principal types of grammatical correspondences between two languages are as follows:YYX W a) complete correspondence b) partial correspondence c) the absence of correspondenceW  %COMPLETE MORPHOLOGICAL CORRESPONDENCE&&f3% Complete morphological correspondence is observed when in the languages considered there are identical grammatical categories with identical particular meanings. In all the three languages there is a grammatical category of number. Both the general categorical and particular meanings are alike: NUMBER SINGULAR- PLURAL Such correspondence may be called complete.F(^ 7f3& f3  $PARTIAL MORPHOLOGICAL CORRESPONDENCE%%f3$ rPartial morphological correspondence is observed when in the languages examined there are grammatical categories with identical categorical meanings but with some difference in the particular meanings. In the languages considered there is a grammatical category of case in nouns. Though the categorical meaning is identical in all the languages the particular meanings are different both from the point of view of their number and the meanings they express. English has 2 particular meanings while Uzbek and Russian have 6. Though latter two languages have the same quantity of particular cases, their meaning do not coincide.sZs.r    'ABSENCE OF MORPHOLOGICAL CORRESPONDENCE((' EAbsence of morphological correspondence is observed when there are no corresponding grammatical categories in the languages examined. As for instance in Uzbek there is a grammatical category of possessiveness, which shows the affixation of things to one of the three grammatical persons, e.g. Uzbek Kitob-im Kitob-ing Kitob-i2%Z! Z*b*         tThis grammatical category is neither found in English nor in Russian. These languages use pronouns for this purpose.uut J English Uzbek Russian My book /mening kitobim / >O :=830 Your book /sening kitobing / T2>O :=830 His/her book/ uning kitobi / 3> /55 :=830 Z- yBf3$f3(f3f6                           !COMPLETE SYNTACTIC CORRESPONDENCE""! By complete syntactic correspondence is understood the conformity in structure and sequence of words in word-combinations and sentences. Complete syntactic correspondence is rarely to be found in the languages examined here. However, the pattern adj+noun is used in word-combination: red flags / qizil bayroqlar, / :@0A=K5 7=0<Q=0. The same may be said of sentences in cases when the predicate of the simple sentences is expressed by an intransitive verb: he laughed / u kuldi / >= 70A<5O;AO.<P/f3~%f3  *              PARTIAL SYNTACTIC CORRESPONDENCE!!f3  By partial syntactic correspondence in word- combinations is understood the conformity in meaning but discrepancy in the structure of phase. Partial syntactic correspondence in word-combinations are found in this following patterns.  Partial syntactic correspondence is also observed in complete polycomponent prepositive attributes with inner predication as in the following examplesV      ~ this to be or not to be struggle /E0QB-<0<>B :C@0H8 / 1>@L10 =5 =0 687=L, 0 =0 c<5@BL.Go to hell voice / 4030; >2>7 / 3@C1K9 3>;>A. By partial syntactic correspondence in sentences is understood the divergence in the order of words, omission or partial substitution of parts of sentences: It's forbidden to smoke here. C 5@40 G5:8H <0= :8;8=30=. C@8BL 745AL 70?@5I5=>. With that he blew out his candle. # H0<=8 CG8@48. = 704C; A25GC.  P%f3 f3 f3$f3                                    Attributes formed by the collocation of words. Owing to the fact that English is poor in grammatical inflections, attributes are widely formed by means of mere collocation of words in accordance with the pattern N(1) N(2) which expressed the following type of relations.  0The Uzbek and Russian versions are marked, while English is unsnarled. Besides in Russian the transposition is observed. As it is seen in the examples cited, languages differ as to the way they express these relations, though they maintain identical relations between the components of word-combinations.110 : Word-combination whose first component is expressed by a numeral. One book / bitta kitob / 4=0 :=830 Two books/ ikkita kitob/ 25 :=838 Three books / uchta kitob/ "@8 :=838 Four books/ to rtta kitob/ '5BK@5 :=838 Five books / beshta kitob/ OBL :=83 The order of words in these combinations is the same in all the three languages, though the manner of expressing plurality differs in the second components.2E ZZ ZN                                       #ABCENCE OF SYNTACTIC CORRESPONDENCE$$# CBy absence of syntactic correspondence we mean lack of certain syntactic construction in the target languages, which were used in the Source language. In English this concerns syntactic constructions with non- finite forms of the verb which compose the extended part of a sentence with incomplete or secondary predications.DZDC  I heard the door open / eshik ochilganini eshitdim/ / A;KH0;, :0: 425@L >B:@K;0AL. PTf3                In the English sentences the predicative construction which functions as an object is composed of a noun in the common case and an infinitive. In Uzbek this construction corresponds to the word-combination  eshik ochilganini which carries out the same function, though there is neither structural in morphological conformity: it is a word combination expressed by a noun and participle., H      %TYPES OF GRAMMATICAL TRANSFORMATIONS &$ $$ In order to attain the fullest information from one language into another one is obliged to resort to numerous interlinguistic lexical and grammatical transformations.Grammatical transformations are as follows: Substitution Transposition Omission Supplementation The cited types of elementary transformations as such are rarely used in the process of translating. Usually they combine with each other, assuming the nature of "complex* interlinguistic transformations. .P4`             Substitution f3 FBy substitution we understand the substitution of one part of speech by another or one form of a word by another. Consequently there are two kinds of substitution constituting a grammatical type of transformation: substitution of parts of speech and the grammatical form of a word. He says he will come # :5;8H8=8 09BO?B8 (substantivized participle ending) = 3>2>@8B, GB> ?@845B (the future tense form of a verb is used) The climb had been easier than he expected. CB0@8;8H C :CB30=40= >A=@>: 1C;48. >4=OBLAO >:070;>AL ;53G5, G5< >= >6840;.  0f3%),$f3(.     *      + Transposition$ f3 4Transposition is understood to be the change of position (order) of linguistic elements in the Target language in comparison with the Source language A big scarlet Rolls Royce had just stopped in front of the local post office. 0E4;;89 0;>:0 1C;8<8 >;4840 :878; @0=34038 :0BB0 >;L7 >9A 02B><0H8=0A8 BCEB048. # <5AB=>3> ?>GB>2>3> >B45;5=8O >AB0=>28;0AL :><D>@B015;L=0O 02B><0H8=0 0;>3> F25B0 >;L7 >9A. NOSf3a         Q Omission  lAs a type of grammatical transformation  omission is necessitated by grammatical redundancy of certain forms in two languages. He raised his hand. # :C;8=8 :CB0@48. = ?>4=O; @C:C. ,Zf3          Addition  rAddition, as a type of grammatical transformation, can be met with in cases of formal inexpressiveness of grammatical or semantic components in the language of the original text. Also, there was an awkward hesitancy at times, as he essayed the new words he had learnt. 0J7840 C O:8=4038=0 C@30=0=30= O=38 AC7;0@8=8 B0;0DDC7 :8;8H30 E,>78@;0=81, BCEB01 :>;0@48. =>340 >= 70?8=0;AO, 3>B>2OAL ?@>87=5AB8 A;>20, :>B>@>5 >= B>;L:> =5402=> 2KCG8;. The meaning of the verbal form is expressed in Russian by the words B>;L:> =5402=> and in Uzbek by the adverb  O:8=4038=0 <:P ]f3R~             Q        r`) <)1