ࡱ> {~.}|1( / 00DArialBlac2(0(:A 0 "DTimes New Roman(0(:A 0  DWingdingsRoman(0(:A 0 0DArial Blackman(0(:A 0 "@ . @n?" dd@  @@`` 4XHG5     !"#$%&'()+,-/13 0AA@8ʚ;ʚ;g4BdBd@:A 0(ppp@ <4ddddl$ 02 0___PPT10 pp___PPT9  *PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS IN ENGLISH 0 Phraseology as the branch of Linguistics. The problem of terminology Definition of phraseological units. Criteria for phraseologacal units Three approaches towards the study of phraseological units Classification of phraseological units|S    -     (Phraseology as the branch of Linguistics)),( Dappeared in the 1940s studies phraseological units of the language 6-E,.   Object of Phraseology0 Cphraseological units, their nature, the way they function in speechDD0" 5 Problem of terminology, Uset expression idiom set phrase fixed word-groups word-equivalent phraseological unit.B    Problem of terminology, <set phrase  implies that the basic criterion of differentiation is stability of the lexical components and grammatical structure of word-groups (I.V. Arnold)< ,, (,  Problem of terminology, idiom  implies that the essential feature of the linguistic units is idiomacity or lack of motivation (English and American linguists)40c0(0.F   7  Problem of terminology, >word-equivalent  stresses semantic and functional inseparability of certain word-groups, their aptness to function in speech as single words (A.I.Smirnitstky)R,,0{,0(0.    Problem of terminology, phraseological unit  the most acceptable by Russian linguists phraseological units are not always stable (like set expressions) not always equivalent to one word (like word-equivalents) not always idiomatic (like idioms), may be only partially motivatedVZlZ,"!< 1     Phraseological Units0"  non-motivated word-groups cannot be freely made up in speech reproduced as ready-made units structurally stable possess stability of lexical components reproduced as single unchangeable collocations  Phraseological Units0"  e.g. red (blue, white, etc) flower BUT red tape `" blue tape red flower  red flowers BUT red tape `" red tapes %".t  Phraseological Units0"  Denotational meaning belongs to a whole phrase as a single inseparable unit e.g. apple sauce - nonsense Connotational meaning belongs to the whole word-group e.g. old boydL6 =&<  ]   5  Phraseological Unit0"  `a stable word-group characterized by a completely or partially transferred meaning (A.V. Koonin)aa(.Y    BCriteria to distinguish free-word groups from phraseological unitsCC ..   'semantic criterion structural criterion((0' Semantic criterion, [free word-groups- each meaningful component stands for a separate concept e.g. a red flower2J9[  zphraseological units  convey a single concept e.g. red tape 2/" / Semantic criterion, Phraseological units are characterized by different degrees of semantic change: semantic change may affect the whole word-group ( complete transferred meaning ) e.g. to skate on thin ice (to take risks), to have one s heart in one s boots (to be anxious about smth.)6PlPQj<    Semantic criterion, 62. semantic change may affect only one of the components of a word-group ( partially transferred meaning ) e.g. to fall in love, small talk, to talk shopm/ 1Structural Criterion: restriction in substitution22(1 free word-groups  components may be changed e.g. The cargo ship/vessel is carrying coal to Liverpool/ Manchester2-EEq  phraseological units  no word can be replaced without destroying the sense e.g. to carry coals to Newcastle2L!8!" ^ 7Structural Criterion: introducing additional components88(7 0free word-groups  change can be made without affecting the general meaning e.g. The big ship is carrying a large cargo of coal to the port of Liverpool2LM<M  phraseological units  no additional components can be introduced e.g. the white elephant  NOT the big white elephantFB5." h /Structural Criterion: grammatical invariability00(/ bfree word-groups  e.g. red flower  red flowers21  Nphraseological units e.g. to find fault with smb. NOT to find faults with smb.R:  V       Features of Phraseological Units!!&.    Qsemantic and structural stability idiomacity (lack of motivation) ready-madeness  QR,H"      {  ` fffff` ?̙ffE` ff333` C3ff3` &u3` ffff` **@fff̙fl` +3[Xd` 333f` 5D`|f>?" dd@*?lPd@ `F `A@`<``( n?" dd@   @@``PP   @ ` `.p>>  h*(  hT ``` h "```" h BWG p"P`` 20xB h C WBCE6FGIQSTUV.WX@` B C "`` 00hB h s *DԔ" h 0W "{4 W V"1@075F 703>;>2:0 j h 0W " W 1@075F B5:AB0 B>@>9 C@>25=L "@5B89 C@>25=L '5B25@BK9 C@>25=L OBK9 C@>25=L M h 6̿ #" `` ` W >*   h 6ʈ #" ``   @*   h 6ψ #" `` `  B* H h 0޽h ? fffff___PPT10i. +D=' = @B + !:@C3;5==K9     l(  lT H X  l "H X " l <ވp"X  20 l B>"H0 20xB l C BCE6FGIQSTUV.WX@` B C "h  00B l s *Dp"p,$ 0 l 0$ "py  V"1@075F 703>;>2:0  l 0t "x   \(1@075F ?>4703>;>2:0   l 6 #" `` `  >*   l 60 #" `c   @*   l 68 #" `` `  B* H l 0޽h ? fffff80___PPT10. 0  0(  x  c $t~lpy  x  c $xlx   H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.P4hy$  p$(  pr p S 輈h{4   r p S r`h ` H p 0޽h ? fffff80___PPT10.po$  t$(  tr t S <h{4   r t S h  H t 0޽h ? fffff80___PPT10.Ze$  x$(  xr x S D$h{4   r x S h  H x 0޽h ? fffff80___PPT10.* $  |$(  |r | S ,h{4   r | S lvh  H | 0޽h ? fffff80___PPT10.0N.L$  $(  r  S |Nh{4   r  S dh  H  0޽h ? fffff80___PPT10. տ$  $(  r  S Լh{4   r  S 6h  H  0޽h ? fffff80___PPT10.P@ $   $(  r  S h{4   r  S <h  H  0޽h ? fffff80___PPT10.@N:  0:(  r  S ěh{4     S h  "p`PpH  0޽h ? fffff80___PPT10.PK$  @$(  r  S ;h{4   r  S Xh  H  0޽h ? fffff80___PPT10.$  P$(  r  S  h{4   r  S  jh  H  0޽h ? fffff80___PPT10.2$  `$(  r  S h{4   r  S @Šh  H  0޽h ? fffff80___PPT10.pF#$  p$(  r  S jh{4   r  S {h  H  0޽h ? fffff80___PPT10.PP$  $(  r  S L,h{4   r  S PEh  H  0޽h ? fffff80___PPT10.  (  r  S Hh{4   r  S Xbh   r  S dbhp  b H  0޽h ? fffff80___PPT10.09:  :(  r  S LEh{4     S P4h  "p`PpH  0޽h ? fffff80___PPT10.@r+:  :(  r  S Fh{4     S  bh b "p`PpH  0޽h ? fffff80___PPT10.  (  r  S |Êh{4   r  S bh   r  S @bhp  b H  0޽h ? fffff80___PPT10.aC  (  r  S bh{4   r  S 8bh   r  S K`hp  ` H  0޽h ? fffff80___PPT10. K  (  r  S ĞNh{4   r  S Qh   r  S ?hp   H  0޽h ? fffff80___PPT10.u $  0$(  r  S ibh{4   r  S bh b H  0޽h ? fffff80___PPT10.@W$rd1>7HoJLNPSKUwWY[^=`ibdfgikmp7su m xiQ( / 00DArialBlac20:A 0"DTimes New Roman0:A 0 DWingdingsRoman0:A 00DArial Blackman' =ArialTimes New Roman Wingdings Arial Black PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS IN ENGLISH 2)Phraseology as the branch of LinguisticsObject of PhraseologyProblem of terminologyProblem of terminologyProblem of terminologyProblem of terminologyProblem of terminologyPhraseological UnitsPhraseological UnitsPhraseological UnitsPhraseological UnitCCriteria to distinguish free-word groups from phraseological unitsSemantic criterionSemantic criterionSemantic criterion2Structural Criterion: restriction in substitution8Structural Criterion: introducing additional components0Structural Criterion: grammatical invariability!Features of Phraseological Units0Approaches to the Study of Phraseological UnitsSemantic ApproachFunctional ApproachContextual Approach(Classifications of Phraseological Units(Classifications of Phrl BlackmanPPDxؖ2 0ؖ"@ . @n?" dd@  @@``  XW:HG5    0:A 00DArial Blackman0:A 0"@ . @n?" dd@  @@``  XW:HG5     !"#$%&'()+,-/13456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUV 0AA@8-ʚ;ʚ;g4BdBd :A 0(ppp@ <4ddddL$ 0/ 20___PPT10 pp___PPT9# &,+8,- 8PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS IN ENGLISH 0 Phraseology as the branch of Linguistics. The problem of terminology Definition of phraseological units. Criteria for phraseologacal units Three approaches towards the study of phraseological units Classification of phraseological units|S    -     (Phraseology as the branch of Linguistics)),( Dappeared in the 1940s studies phraseological units of the language 6-E,.   Object of Phraseology0 Cphraseological units, their nature, the way they function in speechDD0" 5 Problem of terminology, Uset expression idiom set phrase fixed word-groups word-equivalent phraseological unit.B    Problem of terminology, <set phrase  implies that the basic criterion of differentiation is stability of the lexical components and grammatical structure of word-groups (I.V. Arnold)< ,, (,  Problem of terminology, idiom  implies that the essential feature of the linguistic units is idiomacity or lack of motivation (English and American linguists)40c0(0.F   7  Problem of terminology, >word-equivalent  stresses semantic and functional inseparability of certain word-groups, their aptness to function in speech as single words (A.I.Smirnitstky)R,,0{,0(0.    Problem of terminology, phraseological unit  the most acceptable by Russian linguists phraseological units are not always stable (like set expressions) not always equivalent to one word (like word-equivalents) not always idiomatic (like idioms), may be only partially motivatedVZlZ,"!< 1     Phraseological Units0"  non-motivated word-groups cannot be freely made up in speech reproduced as ready-made units structurally stable possess stability of lexical components reproduced as single unchangeable collocations  Phraseological Units0"  e.g. red (blue, white, etc) flower BUT red tape `" blue tape red flower  red flowers BUT red tape `" red tapes %".t  Phraseological Units0"  Denotational meaning belongs to a whole phrase as a single inseparable unit e.g. apple sauce - nonsense Connotational meaning belongs to the whole word-group e.g. old boydL6 =&<  ]   5  Phraseological Unit0"  `a stable word-group characterized by a completely or partially transferred meaning (A.V. Koonin)aa(.Y    BCriteria to distinguish free-word groups from phraseological unitsCC ..   'semantic criterion structural criterion((0' Semantic criterion, [free word-groups- each meaningful component stands for a separate concept e.g. a red flower2J9[  zphraseological units  convey a single concept e.g. red tape 2/" / Semantic criterion, Phraseological units are characterized by different degrees of semantic change: semantic change may affect the whole word-group ( complete transferred meaning ) e.g. to skate on thin ice (to take risks), to have one s heart in one s boots (to be anxious about smth.)6PlPQj<    Semantic criterion, 62. semantic change may affect only one of the components of a word-group ( partially transferred meaning ) e.g. to fall in love, small talk, to talk shopm/ 1Structural Criterion: restriction in substitution22(1 free word-groups  components may be changed e.g. The cargo ship/vessel is carrying coal to Liverpool/ Manchester2-EEq  phraseological units  no word can be replaced without destroying the sense e.g. to carry !"#$%&'()+,-/13456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUV 0AA@8ʚ;ʚ;g4@d@d82 0ppp@ <4dddd 0P x 0___PPT10 ppj___PPT9LDDocumentSummaryInformation8 0:A 0"@ . @n?" dd@  @@`` xpB%HG5     !"#$%&'()+,-/13456789:;<=>?@A 0AA@8ʚ;ʚ;g4BdBd :A 0(ppp@ <4ddddL$ 02 0___PPT10 pp___PPT9  fJPHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS IN ENGLISH 0 Phraseology as the branch of Linguistics. The problem of terminology Definition of phraseological units. Criteria for phraseologacal units Three approaches towards the study of phraseological units Classification of phraseological units|S    -     (Phraseology as the branch of Linguistics)),( Dappeared in the 1940s studies phraseological units of the language 6-E,.   Object of Phraseology0 Cphraseological units, their nature, the way they function in speechDD0" 5 Problem of terminology, Uset expression idiom set phrase fixed word-groups word-equivalent phraseological unit.B    Problem of terminology, <set phrase  implies that the basic criterion of differentiation is stability of the lexical components and grammatical structure of word-groups (I.V. Arnold)< ,, (,  Problem of terminology, idiom  implies that the essential feature of the linguistic units is idiomacity or lack of motivation (English and American linguists)40c0(0.F   7  Problem of terminology, >word-equivalent  stresses semantic and functional inseparability of certain word-groups, their aptness to function in speech as single words (A.I.Smirnitstky)R,,0{,0(0.    Problem of terminology, phraseological unit  the most acceptable by Russian linguists phraseological units are not always stable (like set expressions) not always equivalent to one word (like word-equivalents) not always idiomatic (like idioms), may be only partially motivatedVZlZ,"!< 1     Phraseological Units0"  non-motivated word-groups cannot be freely made up in speech reproduced as ready-made units structurally stable possess stability of lexical components reproduced as single unchangeable collocations  Phraseological Units0"  e.g. red (blue, white, etc) flower BUT red tape `" blue tape red flower  red flowers BUT red tape `" red tapes %".t  Phraseological Units0"  Denotational meaning belongs to a whole phrase as a single inseparable unit e.g. apple sauce - nonsense Connotational meaning belongs to the whole word-group e.g. old boydL6 =&<  ]   5  Phraseological Unit0"  `a stable word-group characterized by a completely or partially transferred meaning (A.V. Koonin)aa(.Y    BCriteria to distinguish free-word groups from phraseological unitsCC ..   'semantic criterion structural criterion((0' Semantic criterion, [free word-groups- each meaningful component stands for a separate concept e.g. a red flower2J9[  zphraseological units  convey a single concept e.g. red tape 2/" / Semantic criterion, Phraseological units are characterized by different degrees of semantic change: semantic change may affect the whole word-group ( complete transferred meaning ) e.g. to skate on thin ice (to take risks), to have one s heart in one s boots (to be anxious about smth.)6PlPQj<    Semantic criterion, 62. semantic change may affect only one of the components of a word-group ( partially transferred meaning ) e.g. to fall in love, small talk, to talk shopm/ 1Structural Criterion: restriction in substitution22(1 free word-groups  components may be changed e.g. The cargo ship/vessel is carrying coal to Liverpool/ Manchester2-EEq  phraseological units  no word can be replaced without destroying the sense e.g. to carry coals to Newcastle2L!8!" ^ 7Structural Criterion: introducing additional components88(7 0free word-groups  change can be made without affecting the general meaning e.g. The big ship is carrying a large cargo of coal to the port of Liverpool2LM<M  phraseological units  no additional components can be introduced e.g. the white elephant  NOT the big white elephantFB5." h /Structural Criterion: grammatical invariability00(/ bfree word-groups  e.g. red flower  red flowers21  Nphraseological units e.g. to find fault with smb. NOT to find faults with smb.R:  V       Features of Phraseological Units!!&.    Qsemantic and structural stability idiomacity (lack of motivation) ready-madeness  QR,H"      /Approaches to the Study of Phraseological Units00&.   semantic functional contextual 0 Semantic Approach0 'Classifications of Phraseological Units(((.   &semantic classification - according to the degree of motivation (V.V. Vinogradov) structural classification  based on the ability to perform the same syntactical functions as words structural classification by A.I. Smirnitsky structural-semantic classification (A.V. Koonin)bF      *   @V.V. Vinogradov s Classification!!(.    8phraseological combinations (D@075>;>38G5A:85 A>G5B0=8O)  word-groups with partially changed meaning e.g. to be good at smth., to have a bite, boom friends(f78ed  -    @V.V. Vinogradov s Classification!!(.    phraseological unities (D@075>;>38G5A:85 548=AB20)  word-groups with completely changed meaning, the meaning of the unit does not correspond to the meanings of its constituent parts, but deducible as it is based on metaphor 236    @V.V. Vinogradov s Classification!!(.    phraseological unities e.g. to lock the stable door after the horse is stolen ( to take precautions too late ), a fish out of water ( a person situated uncomfortably outside its usual environment )\(2#B"  @V.V. Vinogradov s Classification!!(.    Xphraseological fusions (D@075>;>38G5A:85 A@0I5=8O)  word-groups with completely changed meaning, their meaning cannot be deduced from the meanings of its constituent parts&3y6   z  @V.V. Vinogradov s Classification!!(.    phraseological fusions e.g. at sixes and sevens ( in confusion or in disagreement ) to set one s cap at smb. ( to try and attract smb.)Dr&V [     ":R.S.Ginzburg s Classification"  phraseological fusions  completely non-motivated word-groups, characterized by the complete stability of the lexical components and the grammatical structure e.g. to kick the bucket, red tape^"(( "  # :R.S.Ginzburg s Classification"  phraseological unities  partially non-motivated, the meaning is percieved through the metaphoric meaning of the unit, characterized by high degree of stability of the lexical components e.g. to show one s teeth, to wash one s dirty linen in the public2CC< 3    %!:R.S.Ginzburg s Classification"  Tphraseological collocations  motivated word-groups, have specific lexical valency which results in their stability e.g. to take a liking/ fancy, to bear a grudge/ malice6t7(Y(7< =  X !Structural Classification, Jverbal (verb equivalent) e.g. to catch at a straw substantive (noun equivalent) e.g. dog s life, white elephant adjectival (adjective equivalent) e.g. safe and sound "     $Structural Classification, madverbial (adverb equivalent) e.g. in the twinkle of an eye interjectional e.g. goodness gracious! Dear me! f! "l &" #&(-8PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS IN ENGLISH 0   Phrase$  @$(  r  S h{4   r  S bh b H  0޽h ? fffff80___PPT10.$  P$(  r  S Nh{4   r  S Nh N H  0޽h ? fffff80___PPT10.ՙ$  p$(  r  S xh{4   r  S Nh N H  0޽h ? fffff80___PPT10.+$  `$(  r  S Nh{4   r  S jF"muxr&( / 00DArialBlac/0:A 0"DTimes New Roman0:A 0 DWingdingsRomanology as the branch of Linguistics. The problem of terminology Definition of phraseological units. Criteria for phraseologacal units Three approaches towards the study of phraseological units Classification of phraseological units|S    -     (Phraseology as the branch of Linguistics)),( _UUserUser0 hp     PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS IN ENGLISHUserRadialUser5Microsoft PowerPoint@'*7;@`%@] Gg    -- @ !--'f--%E{upkea\XUROM LKKKKL M&O+R1U6X:\?aCeFkIpLuN{OPQ6Q<PBOHNNLSIXF]Ca?e:h6l1n+p&r ssssrp nlhea]XSNHB<6--'-- @ !le--f-- $e((e--'ff--T$(sx}"+3:BHNSWZ]}^x_s__--'--%NN--'@Arial-. '2 #PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS -01---4)441.)00(-."System-@Arial-. 2 5# IN ENGLISH0-03)-0.-՜.+,0      Domy8 coals to Newcastle2L!8!" ^ 7Structural Criterion: introducing additional components88(7 0free word-groups  change can be made without affecting the general meaning e.g. The big ship is carrying a large cargo of coal to the port of Liverpool2LM<M  phraseological units  no additional components can be introduced e.g. the white elephant  NOT the big white elephantFB5." h /Structural Criterion: grammatical invariability00(/ bfree word-groups  e.g. red flower  red flowers21  Nphraseological units e.g. to find fault with smb. NOT to find faults with smb.R:  V       Features of Phraseological Units!!&.    semantic and structural stability idiomacity (lack of motivation) ready-madeness the most common structure: verb +object formed from free word combinations $PP(H"     L /Approaches to the Study of Phraseological Units00&.   semantic functional contextual 0 Semantic Approach0 phraseological units are non-motivated (idiomacity) phraseological units are opposed to free-word combinations which are completely motivated(V      K :6Functional Approach phraseological units are specific word-groups functioning like word-equivalents like words they possess structural and semantic inseparability ("  ;7Contextual Approach Jphraseological units are used in specific contexts  non-variable, or  fixed non-variability is a stability of the lexical components within the semantic structure("  'Classifications of Phraseological Units(((.   4Classifications based on a semantic approach semantic classification - according to the degree of motivation (V.V. Vinogradov) structural classification  based on the ability to perform the same syntactical functions as words structural-semantical classification by A.I. Smirnitsky<-lZs   q       -*'Classifications of Phraseological Units(($.   2. Classification based on a functional approach structural-semantic classification (A.V. Koonin) 3. Classification based on a contexual approach classification by N.N. Amosova X110 N VZ     !  @V.V. Vinogradov s Classification!!(.    :phraseological combinations (D@075>;>38G5A:85 A>G5B0=8O)  word-groups with partially changed meaning e.g. to be good at smth., to have a bite, bosom friends2f88.8d  -     @V.V. Vinogradov s Classification!!(.    phraseological unities (D@075>;>38G5A:85 548=AB20)  word-groups with completely changed meaning, the meaning of the unit does not correspond to the meanings of its constituent parts, but deducible as it is based on metaphor 236    @V.V. Vinogradov s Classification!!(.    phraseological unities e.g. to lock the stable door after the horse is stolen ( to take precautions too late ), a fish out of water ( a person situated uncomfortably outside its usual environment )\(2#B"  @V.V. Vinogradov s Classification!!(.    Xphraseological fusions (D@075>;>38G5A:85 A@0I5=8O)  word-groups with completely changed meaning, their meaning cannot be deduced from the meanings of its constituent parts&3y6   z  @V.V. Vinogradov s Classification!!(.    phraseological fusions e.g. at sixes and sevens ( in confusion or in disagreement ) to set one s cap at smb. ( to try and attract smb.)Dr&V [     ":R.S.Ginzburg s Classification"  phraseological fusions  completely non-motivated word-groups, characterized by the complete stability of the lexical components and the grammatical structure e.g. to kick the bucket, red tape^"(( "  # :R.S.Ginzburg s Classification"  phraseological unities  partially non-motivated, the meaning is perceived through the metaphoric meaning of the unit, characterized by high degree of stability of the lexical components e.g. to show one s teeth, to wash one s dirty linen in the public2CC"  %!:R.S.Ginzburg s Classification"  Tphraseological collocations  motivated word-groups, have specific lexical valency which results in their stability e.g. to take a liking/ fancy, to bear a grudge/ malice6t7(Y(7< =  X !Structural Classification, Jverbal (verb equivalent) e.g. to catch at a straw substantive (noun equivalent) e.g. dog s life, white elephant adjectival (adjective equivalent) e.g. safe and sound "     $Structural Classification, madverbial (adverb equivalent) e.g. in the twinkle of an eye interjectional e.g. goodness gracious! Dear me! f! "l &"!Classification by A.I. Smirnitsky""("   \tried to combine structural and semantic principles compared phraseological units with words]],.=   '#!Classification by A.I. Smirnitsky""("   one-summit (one-top) units  have one meaningful constituent (compared with affixed words) verbal-adverbial units  equivalent to verbs in which grammatical and semantic centers coincide in the first component e.g. to back up  ?>445@6820BL to nose out - @07C7=020BLd[wl9lA a 9(    ($!Classification by A.I. Smirnitsky""("   2. units equivalent to verbs in which semantic centre is in the second element and grammatical centre is in the first element e.g. to be tired 0g )%!Classification by A.I. Smirnitsky""("   3. prepositional-nominal units  equivalent to unchangeable words: prepositions, conjunctions, adverbs. Semantic center is in the nominal constituent, there is no grammatical center e.g. in the course of  during, o the nose - exactly05 *&!Classification by A.I. Smirnitsky""("   two-summit (two-top) units - have two or more meaningful constituents (compared with compound words) attributive-nominal units - equivalent to nouns e.g. millstone round one s neck  :0<5=L =0 H55 high road - H>AA5 ne1lBlKB<    +'!Classification by A.I. Smirnitsky""("   :2. verbal-nominal units  equivalent to verbs e.g. to read between the lines  ?>=8<0BL A:@KBK9 A<KA; to speak BBC - 3>2>@8BL =0 ?@028;L=>< 0=3;89A:>< O7K:50p(O  (,(!Classification by A.I. Smirnitsky""("   3. phraseological repetitions  equivalents of adverbs or adjectives, components are joined by a conjunction e.g. back and forth  2704 8 2?5@54 ups and downs  27;5BK 8 ?045=8O multi-summit units e.g. to be a shadow of one s own self  1KBL B5=LN A0<>3> A51OZ?QE?V  s   ; .)8A.V. Koonin s Classification.   Ubased on structural-semantic principle based on the functions units fulfil in speech .D    /+A.V. Koonin s Classification according to the function in communicationHH.  : `1. nominative e.g. a bull in a china shop 2. interjectional e.g. a pretty kettle of fish! vl4` 0,A.V. Koonin s Classification according to the function in communicationHH.  : n3. nominative-communicative  verbal word-groups which are transformed into a sentence when the verb is used in the Passive Voice e.g. to break the ice  the ice is broken 4. communicative  proverbs and sayings e.g. spare a rod and spoil a child - ?>60;55HL @>73C, 8A?>@B8HL @515=:0; 10;>2AB2>< ?>@B8BL @515=:0f8Z g *   d ?1-nA.V. Koonin s Classification according to the structure88&.  * unchangeable/ unchangeable may have synonyms e.g. to lift a finger  not to raise a finger 2. with a variable pronoun e.g. to pull one s leg 3. with both types of variability e.g. to give smb a piece/ a bit of one s mindZlZlZ. ' .   2.Classification by N.N. Amosova("  8phraseological units are units of a fixed context fixed context  specific and unchanging sequence of lexical components and specific relations between them6(( (^("  3/Classification by N.N. Amosova("  *phrasemes  always binory, one component has a phraseologically bound meaning, the other serves as a determining context e.g. small talk, small hours8y (p((V       V 40Classification by N.N. Amosova("  idioms  the new meaning is crated by the whole, every element may have its original meaning weakened or completely lost e.g. in the nick of the time   at the exact moment movable (changeable)/immovable e.g. apple sauce/ the apple of one s eyeZy5)r5) 51(Proverbs (?>A;>28F0)  sum up the collective wisdom of the community, a popular truth or a moral lesson in a concise and imaginative way are metaphorical they moralize e.g. Hell is paved with good intentions 2() 62Proverbs  nthey admonish e.g. If you sing before breakfast, you will cry before night they criticize e.g. Everyone calls his own geese swans they give advice e.g. Don t judge a tree by its bark =($=($ 73Proverbs  xlexical components are stable meaning is figurative are ready-made units are easily transformed into phraseological units e.g. don t cast pearls before swine  to cast pearls before swine(zCzC.e  I 84&Sayings (?>3>2>@:0)  yare non-metaphorical, not figurative grammatically they are finished sentences e.g. Where there is a way, there is a will,O+O(+(y 95PFamiliar Quotations (:@K;0BK5 2K@065=8O)))& jcome from literature in contrast to proverbs, they do not express finished judgment e.g. To err is human. 0TTj $  0$(  r  S rh{4  r r  S rh r H  0޽h ? fffff80___PPT10.@W$$  P$(  r  S rh{4  r r  S rh r H  0޽h ? fffff80___PPT10.ՙ$  PT$(  Tr T S |2h{4  2 r T S DCh  H T 0޽h ? fffff80___PPT10.gP$  `X$(  Xr X S L2h{4  2 r X S XO2h 2 H X 0޽h ? fffff80___PPT10.h[:  p:(  r  S rh{4  r   S lrh r "P@08XH  0޽h ? fffff80___PPT10.+$  $$(  $r $ S @&Eh{4  E r $ S `YEh E H $ 0޽h ? fffff80___PPT10.\ -e$  `$(  r  S rh{4  r r  S rh r H  0޽h ? fffff80___PPT10.@O$  $(  r  S rh{4  r r  S xrh r H  0޽h ? fffff80___PPT10. p$  $(  r  S 8//h{4  / r  S @q.h / H  0޽h ? fffff80___PPT10.09:   :(  r  S hPh{4  P   S Ph P "p`PpH  0޽h ? fffff80___PPT10.Yp90$  0 $(   r   S D;h{4  ; r   S PX;h ; H   0޽h ? fffff80___PPT10.Z $  @$(  r  S @;h{4  ; r  S D;h ; H  0޽h ? fffff80___PPT10.Z :  P:(  r  S ;h{4  ;   S ;h ; "p`PpH  0޽h ? fffff80___PPT10.Z$  `$(  r  S p;h{4  ; r  S 8;h ; H  0޽h ? fffff80___PPT10.[0֗$  p$(  r  S ;h{4  ; r  S Ph P H  0޽h ? fffff80___PPT10.[y?$   $(   r   S D;h{4  ; r   S ;h ; H   0޽h ? fffff80___PPT10.\ԯ:  (:(  (r ( S \Eh{4  E  ( S %Eh E "p`PpH ( 0޽h ? fffff80___PPT10.^p7$  ,$(  ,r , S 4Eh{4  E r , S ,Eh E H , 0޽h ? fffff80___PPT10._vR:  0:(  0r 0 S (;h{4  E  0 S ;h ; "p`PpH 0 0޽h ? fffff80___PPT10._G$  4$(  4r 4 S lEh{4  E r 4 S  LEh E H 4 0޽h ? fffff80___PPT10.`$  8$(  8r 8 S 4Eh{4  E r 8 S T#Ph P H 8 0޽h ? fffff80___PPT10.a x$  <$(  <r < S JEh{4  E r < S ̩Ph P H < 0޽h ? fffff80___PPT10.aH<$  @$(  @r @ S cEh{4  E r @ S qPh P H @ 0޽h ? fffff80___PPT10.bE-$  D$(  Dr D S  Eh{4  E r D S p;h ; H D 0޽h ? fffff80___PPT10.c0e($   H$(  Hr H S h{4   r H S hh  H H 0޽h ? fffff80___PPT10.d$  0L$(  Lr L S h{4   r L S @h  H L 0޽h ? fffff80___PPT10.e^$  @P$(  Pr P S oh{4   r P S \ph  H P 0޽h ? fffff80___PPT10.eP(>rq0+tz#I&`u;}|ՒCoݝ 5aWvxm;(i( ssification by A.I. Smirnitsky"Classification by A.I. Smirnitsky"Classification by A.I. Smirnitsky"Classification by A.I. Smirnitsky"Classification by A.I. SmirnitskyA.V. Koonins ClassificationHA.V. Koonins Classification according to the function in communicationHA.V. Koonins Classification according to the function in communication8A.V. Koonins Classification according to the structureClassification by N.N. AmosovaClassification by N.N. AmosovaClassificaRoot EntrydO)]Current User,SummaryInformation(p4PowerPoint Document(y/ 00DArialBlac/0:A 0DTimes New Roman0:A 0 DWingdingsRoman0:A 00DArial Blackman0:A 0"@ . @n?" dd@  @@``  XW:HG5     !"#$%&'()+,-/13456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUV 0AA@8ʚ;ʚ;g4GdGd :A 0ppp@ <4ddddL$ 0/ 0___PPT10 ppj___PPT9LD#&(-PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS IN ENGLISH 0 Phraseology as the branch of Linguistics. The problem of terminology Definition of phraseological units. Criteria for phraseologacal units Three approaches towards the study of phraseological units Classification of phraseological units|S    -     (Phraseology as the branch of Linguistics)),( Dappeared in the 1940s studies phraseological units of the language 6-E,.   Object of Phraseology0 Cphraseological units, their nature, the way they function in speechDD0" 5 Problem of terminology, Uset expression idiom set phrase fixed word-groups word-equivalent phraseological unit.B    Problem of terminology, <set phrase  implies that the basic criterion of differentiation is stability of the lexical components and grammatical structure of word-groups (I.V. Arnold)< ,, (,  Problem of terminology, idiom  implies that the essential feature of the linguistic units is idiomacity or lack of motivation (English and American linguists)40c0(0.F   7  Problem of terminology, >word-equivalent  stresses semantic and functional inseparability of certain word-groups, their aptness to function in speech as single words (A.I.Smirnitstky)R,,0{,0(0.    Problem of terminology, phraseological unit  the most acceptable by Russian linguists phraseological units are not always stable (like set expressions) not always equivalent to one word (like word-equivalents) not always idiomatic (like idioms), may be only partially motivatedVZlZ,"!< 1     Phraseological Units0"  non-motivated word-groups cannot be freely made up in speech reproduced as ready-made units structurally stable possess stability of lexical components reproduced as single unchangeable collocations  Phraseological Units0"  e.g. red (blue, white, etc) flower BUT red tape `" blue tape red flower  red flowers BUT red tape `" red tapes %".t  Phraseological Units0"  Denotational meaning belongs to a whole phrase as a single inseparable unit e.g. apple sauce - nonsense Connotational meaning belongs to the whole word-group e.g. old boydL6 =&<  ]   5  Phraseological Unit0"  `a stable word-group characterized by a completely or partially transferred meaning (A.V. Koonin)aa(.Y    BCriteria to distinguish free-word groups from phraseological unitsCC ..   'semantic criterion structural criterion((0' Semantic criterion, [free word-groups- each meaningful component stands for a separate concept e.g. a red flower2J9[  zphraseological units  convey a single concept e.g. red tape 2/" / Semantic criterion, Phraseological units are characterized by different degrees of semantic change: semantic change may affect the whole word-group ( complete transferred meaning ) e.g. to skate on thin ice (to take risks), to have one s heart in one s boots (to be anxious about smth.)6PlPQj<    Semantic criterion, 62. semantic change may affect only one of the components of a word-group ( partially transferred meaning ) e.g. to fall in love, small talk, to talk shopm/ 1Structural Criterion: restriction in substitution22(1 free word-groups  components may be changed e.g. The cargo ship/vessel is carrying coal to Liverpool/ Manchester2-EEq  phraseological units  no word can be replaced without destroying the sense e.g. to carry coals to Newcastle2L!8!" ^ 7Structural Criterion: introducing additional components88(7 0free word-groups  change can be made without affecting the general meaning e.g. The big ship is carrying a large cargo of coal to the port of Liverpool2LM<M  phraseological units  no additional components can be introduced e.g. the white elephant  NOT the big white elephantFB5." h /Structural Criterion: grammatical invariability00(/ bfree word-groups  e.g. red flower  red flowers21  Dappeared in the 1940s studies phraseological units of the language 6-E,.   Object of Phraseology0 Cphraseological units, their nature, the way they function in speechDD0" 5 Nphraseological units e.g. to find fault with smb. NOT to find faults with smb.R:  V       Features of Phraseological Units!!&.    semantic and structural stability idiomacity (lack of motivation) ready-madeness the most common structure: verb +object formed from free word combinations $PP(H"     L /Approaches to the Study of Phraseological Units00&.   semantic functional contextual 0 Semantic Approach0 phraseological units are non-motivated (idiomacity) phraseological units are opposed to free-word combinations which are completely motivated(V      K :6Functional Approach phraseological units are specific word-groups functioning like word-equivalents like words they possess structural and semantic inseparability ("  ;7Contextual Approach Jphraseological units are used in specific contexts  non-variable, or  fixed non-variability is a stability of the lexical components within the semantic structure("  'Classifications of Phraseological Units(((.   4Classifications based on a semantic approach semantic classification - according to the degree of motivation (V.V. Vinogradov) structural classification  based on the ability to perform the same syntactical functions as words structural-semantical classification by A.I. Smirnitsky<-lZs   q       -*'Classifications of Phraseological Units(($.   2. Classification based on a functional approach structural-semantic classification (A.V. Koonin) 3. Classification based on a contexual approach classification by N.N. Amosova X110 N VZ     !  @V.V. Vinogradov s Classification!!(.    :phraseological combinations (D@075>;>38G5A:85 A>G5B0=8O)  word-groups with partially changed meaning e.g. to be good at smth., to have a bite, bosom friends2f88.8d  -     @V.V. Vinogradov s Classification!!(.    phraseological unities (D@075>;>38G5A:85 548=AB20)  word-groups with completely changed meaning, the meaning of the unit does not correspond to the meanings of its constituent parts, but deducible as it is based on metaphor 236    @V.V. Vinogradov s Classification!!(.    phraseological unities e.g. to lock the stable door after the horse is stolen ( to take precautions too late ), a fish out of water ( a person situated uncomfortably outside its usual environment )\(2#B"  @V.V. Vinogradov s Classification!!(.    Xphraseological fusions (D@075>;>38G5A:85 A@0I5=8O)  word-groups with completely changed meaning, their meaning cannot be deduced from the meanings of its constituent parts&3y6   z  @V.V. Vinogradov s Classification!!(.    phraseological fusions e.g. at sixes and sevens ( in confusion or in disagreement ) to set one s cap at smb. ( to try and attract smb.)Dr&V [     ":R.S.Ginzburg s Classification"  phraseological fusions  completely non-motivated word-groups, characterized by the complete stability of the lexical components and the grammatical structure e.g. to kick the bucket, red tape^"(( "  # :R.S.Ginzburg s Classification"  phraseological unities  partially non-motivated, the meaning is perceived through the metaphoric meaning of the unit, characterized by high degree of stability of the lexical components e.g. to show one s teeth, to wash one s dirty linen in the public2CC"  %!:R.S.Ginzburg s Classification"  Tphraseological collocations  motivated word-groups, have specific lexical valency which results in their stability e.g. to take a liking/ fancy, to bear a grudge/ malice6t7(Y(7< =  X !Structural Classification, Jverbal (verb equivalent) e.g. to catch at a straw substantive (noun equivalent) e.g. dog s life, white elephant adjectival (adjective equivalent) e.g. safe and sound "     $Structural Classification, madverbial (adverb equivalent) e.g. in the twinkle of an eye interjectional e.g. goodness gracious! Dear me! f! "l &"!Classification by A.I. Smirnitsky""("   \tried to combine structural and semantic principles compared phraseological units with words]],.=   '#!Classification by A.I. Smirnitsky""("   one-summit (one-top) units  have one meaningful constituent (compared with affixed words) verbal-adverbial units  equivalent to verbs in which grammatical and semantic centers coincide in the first component e.g. to back up  ?>445@6820BL to nose out - @07C7=020BL`[wl9lAa9(    ($!Classification by A.I. Smirnitsky""("   2. units equivalent to verbs in which semantic centre is in the second element and grammatical centre is in the first element e.g. to be tired 0g )%!Classification by A.I. Smirnitsky""("   3. prepositional-nominal units  equivalent to unchangeable words: prepositions, conjunctions, adverbs. Semantic center is in the nominal constituent, there is no grammatical center e.g. in the course of  during, o the nose - exactly05 *&!Classification by A.I. Smirnitsky""("   two-summit (two-top) units - have two or more meaningful constituents (compared with compound words) attributive-nominal units - equivalent to nouns e.g. millstone round one s neck  :0<5=L =0 H55 high road - H>AA5 ne1lBlKB<    +'!Classification by A.I. Smirnitsky""("   :2. verbal-nominal units  equivalent to verbs e.g. to read between the lines  ?>=8<0BL A:@KBK9 A<KA; to speak BBC - 3>2>@8BL =0 ?@028;L=>< 0=3;89A:>< O7K:50p(O  (,(!Classification by A.I. Smirnitsky""("   3. phraseological repetitions  equivalents of adverbs or adjectives, components are joined by a conjunction e.g. back and forth  2704 8 2?5@54 ups and downs  27;5BK 8 ?045=8O multi-summit units e.g. to be a shadow of one s own self  1KBL B5=LN A0<>3> A51OZ?QE?V  s   ; .)8A.V. Koonin s Classification.   Ubased on structural-semantic principle based on the functions units fulfil in speech .D    /+A.V. Koonin s Classification according to the function in communicationHH.  : `1. nominative e.g. a bull in a china shop 2. interjectional e.g. a pretty kettle of fish! Va` 0,A.V. Koonin s Classification according to the function in communicationHH.  : n3. nominative-communicative  verbal word-groups which are transformed into a sentence when the verb is used in the Passive Voice e.g. to break the ice  the ice is broken 4. communicative  proverbs and sayings e.g. spare a rod and spoil a child - ?>60;55HL @>73C, 8A?>@B8HL @515=:0; 10;>2AB2>< ?>@B8BL @515=:0\8Zg* d ?1-nA.V. Koonin s Classification according to the structure88&.  * changeable/ unchangeable may have synonyms e.g. to lift a finger  not to raise a finger 2. with a variable pronoun e.g. to pull one s leg 3. with both types of variability e.g. to give smb a piece/ a bit of one s mindZlZlZ. ' <     2.Classification by N.N. Amosova("  8phraseological units are units of a fixed context fixed context  specific and unchanging sequence of lexical components and specific relations between them6(( (^("  3/Classification by N.N. Amosova("  *phrasemes  always binory, one component has a phraseologically bound meaning, the other serves as a determining context e.g. small talk, small hours8y (p((V       V 40Classification by N.N. Amosova("  idioms  the new meaning is crated by the whole, every element may have its original meaning weakened or completely lost e.g. in the nick of the time   at the exact moment movable (changeable)/immovable e.g. apple sauce/ the apple of one s eyeZy5)r5) 51(Proverbs (?>A;>28F0)  sum up the collective wisdom of the community, a popular truth or a moral lesson in a concise and imaginative way are metaphorical they moralize e.g. Hell is paved with good intentions 2() 62Proverbs  nthey admonish e.g. If you sing before breakfast, you will cry before night they criticize e.g. Everyone calls his own geese swans they give advice e.g. Don t judge a tree by its bark =($=($ 73Proverbs  xlexical components are stable meaning is figurative are ready-made units are easily transformed into phraseological units e.g. don t cast pearls before swine  to cast pearls before swine(zCzC.e  I 84&Sayings (?>3>2>@:0)  yare non-metaphorical, not figurative grammatically they are finished sentences e.g. Where there is a way, there is a will,O+O(+(y 95PFamiliar Quotations (:@K;0BK5 2K@065=8O)))& jcome from literature in contrast to proverbs, they do not express finished judgment e.g. To err is human. 0TTj :  0:(  0r 0 S  h{4    0 S h  "p`PpH 0 0޽h ? fffff80___PPT10._Gr126-mt8;( / 00DArialBlackmanPPDxؖ2 0ؖDTimes New RomanPPDxؖ2 0ؖ DWingdingsRomanPPDxؖ2 0ؖ0DAria@=2W1      !"#$%&'()*+?3456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnoqrstuvwxyz  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<X>0UABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTVYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~ !"#$%&'()*+,-./012345689:;<=>?@ABCaseological Units!V.V. Vinogradovs Classification!V.V. Vinogradovs Classification!V.V. Vinogradovs Classification!V.V. Vinogradovs Classification!V.V. Vinogradovs ClassificationR.S.Ginzburgs ClassificationR.S.Ginzburgs ClassificationR.S.Ginzburgs ClassificationStructural ClassificationStructural Classification"Classification by A.I. Smirnitsky"Classification by A.I. Smirnitsky"Cla_8UserUserkartinkaiProblem of terminology, Uset expression idiom set phrase fixed word-groups word-equivalent phraseological unit.B    Problem of terminology, <set phrase  implies that the basic criterion of difftion by N.N. AmosovaProverbs () Proverbs ProverbsSayings ())Familiar Quotations ( )    8rinkaerentiation is stability of the lexical components and grammatical structure of word-groups (I.V. Arnold)< ,, (,  Problem of terminology, idiom  implies that the essential feature of the linguistic units is idiomacity or lack of motivation (English and American linguists)40c0(0.F   7  Problem of terminology, >word-equivalent  stresses semantic and functional inseparability of certain word-groups, their aptness to function in speech as single words (A.I.Smirnitstky)R,,0{,0(0.    Problem of terminology, phraseological unit  the most acceptable by Russian linguists phraseological units are not always stable (like set expressions) not always equivalent to one word (like word-equivalents) not always idiomatic (like idioms), may be only partially motivatedVZlZ,"!< 1     Phraseological Units0"  non-motivated word-groups cannot be freely made up in speech reproduced as ready-made units structurally stable possess stability of lexical components reproduced as single unchangeable collocations  Phraseological Units0"  e.g. red (blue, white, etc) flower BUT red tape `" blue tape red flower  red flowers BUT red tape `" red tapes %".t  Phraseological Units0"  Denotational meaning belongs to a whole phrase as a single inseparable unit e.g. apple sauce - nonsense Connotational meaning belongs to the whole word-group e.g. old boydL6 =&<  ]   5  Phraseological Unit0"  `a stable word-group characterized by a completely or partially transferred meaning (A.V. Koonin)aa(.Y    BCriteria to distinguish free-word groups from phraseological unitsCC ..   'semantic criterion structural criterion((0' Semantic criterion, [free word-groups- each meaningful component stands for a separate concept e.g. a red flower2J9[  zphraseological units  convey a single concept e.g. red tape 2/" / Semantic criterion, Phraseological units are characterized by different degrees of semantic change: semantic change may affect the whole word-group ( complete transferred meaning ) e.g. to skate on thin ice (to take risks), to have one s heart in one s boots (to be anxious about smth.)6PlPQj<    Semantic criterion, 62. semantic change may affect only one of the components of a word-group ( partially transferred meaning ) e.g. to fall in love, small talk, to talk shopm/ 1Structural Criterion: restriction in substitution22(1 free word-groups  components may be changed e.g. The cargo ship/vessel is carrying coal to Liverpool/ Manchester2-EEq  phraseological units  no word can be replaced without destroying the sense e.g. to carry coals to Newcastle2L!8!" ^ 7Structural Criterion: introducing additional components88(7 0free word-groups  change can be made without affecting the general meaning e.g. The big ship is carrying a large cargo of coal to the port of Liverpool2LM<M  phraseological units  no additional components can be introduced e.g. the white elephant  NOT the big white elephantFB5." h /Structural Criterion: grammatical invariability00(/ bfree word-groups  e.g. red flower  red flowers21  Nphraseological units e.g. to find fault with smb. NOT to find faults with smb.R:  V       Features of Phraseological Units!!&.    semantic and structural stability idiomacity (lack of motivation) ready-madeness the most common structure: verb +object formed from free word combinations $PP(H"     L /Approaches to the Study of Phraseological Units00&.   semantic functional contextual 0 Semantic Approach0 phraseological units are non-motivated (idiomacity) phraseological units are opposed to free-word combinations which are completely motivated(V      K :6Functional Approach phraseological units are specific word-groups functioning like word-equivalents like words they possess structural and semantic inseparability ("  ;7Contextual Approach Jphraseological units are used in specific contexts  non-variable, or  fixed non-variability is a stability of the lexical components within the semantic structure("  'Classifications of Phraseological Units(((.   4Classifications based on a semantic approach semantic classification - according to the degree of motivation (V.V. Vinogradov) structural classification  based on the ability to perform the same syntactical functions as words structural-semantical classification by A.I. Smirnitsky<-lZs   q       -*'Classifications of Phraseological Units(($.   2. Classification based on a functional approach structural-semantic classification (A.V. Koonin) 3. Classification based on a contexual approach classification by N.N. Amosova X110 N VZ     !  @V.V. Vinogradov s Classification!!(.    :phraseological combinations (D@075>;>38G5A:85 A>G5B0=8O)  word-groups with partially changed meaning e.g. to be good at smth., to have a bite, bosom friends2f88.8d  -     @V.V. Vinogradov s Classification!!(.    phraseological unities (D@075>;>38G5A:85 548=AB20)  word-groups with completely changed meaning, the meaning of the unit does not correspond to the meanings of its constituent parts, but deducible as it is based on metaphor 236    @V.V. Vinogradov s Classification!!(.    phraseological unities e.g. to lock the stable door after the horse is stolen ( to take precautions too late ), a fish out of water ( a person situated uncomfortably outside its usual environment )\(2#B"  @V.V. Vinogradov s Classification!!(.    Xphraseological fusions (D@075>;>38G5A:85 A@0I5=8O)  word-groups with completely changed meaning, their meaning cannot be deduced from the meanings of its constituent parts&3y6   z  @V.V. Vinogradov s Classification!!(.    phraseological fusions e.g. at sixes and sevens ( in confusion or in disagreement ) to set one s cap at smb. ( to try and attract smb.)Dr&V [     ":R.S.Ginzburg s Classification"  phraseological fusions  completely non-motivated word-groups, characterized by the complete stability of the lexical components and the grammatical structure e.g. to kick the bucket, red tape^"(( "  # :R.S.Ginzburg s Classification"  phraseological unities  partially non-motivated, the meaning is perceived through the metaphoric meaning of the unit, characterized by high degree of stability of the lexical components e.g. to show one s teeth, to wash one s dirty linen in the public2CC"  %!:R.S.Ginzburg s Classification"  Tphraseological collocations  motivated word-groups, have specific lexical valency which results in their stability e.g. to take a liking/ fancy, to bear a grudge/ malice6t7(Y(7< =  X !Structural Classification, Jverbal (verb equivalent) e.g. to catch at a straw substantive (noun equivalent) e.g. dog s life, white elephant adjectival (adjective equivalent) e.g. safe and sound "     $Structural Classification, madverbial (adverb equivalent) e.g. in the twinkle of an eye interjectional e.g. goodness gracious! Dear me! f! "l &"!Classification by A.I. Smirnitsky""("   \tried to combine structural and semantic principles compared phraseological units with words]],.=   '#!Classification by A.I. Smirnitsky""("   one-summit (one-top) units  have one meaningful constituent (compared with affixed words) verbal-adverbial units  equivalent to verbs in which grammatical and semantic centers coincide in the first component e.g. to back up  ?>445@6820BL to nose out - @07C7=020BL`[wl9lAa9(    ($!Classification by A.I. Smirnitsky""("   2. units equivalent to verbs in which semantic centre is in the second element and grammatical centre is in the first element e.g. to be tired 0g )%!Classification by A.I. Smirnitsky""("   3. prepositional-nominal units  equivalent to unchangeable words: prepositions, conjunctions, adverbs. Semantic center is in the nominal constituent, there is no grammatical center e.g. in the course of  during, o the nose - exactly05 *&!Classification by A.I. Smirnitsky""("   two-summit (two-top) units - have two or more meaningful constituents (compared with compound words) attributive-nominal units - equivalent to nouns e.g. millstone round one s neck  :0<5=L =0 H55 high road - H>AA5 ne1lBlKB<    +'!Classification by A.I. Smirnitsky""("   :2. verbal-nominal units  equivalent to verbs e.g. to read between the lines  ?>=8<0BL A:@KBK9 A<KA; to speak BBC - 3>2>@8BL =0 ?@028;L=>< 0=3;89A:>< O7K:50p(O  (,(!Classification by A.I. Smirnitsky""("   3. phraseological repetitions  equivalents of adverbs or adjectives, components are joined by a conjunction e.g. back and forth  2704 8 2?5@54 ups and downs  27;5BK 8 ?045=8O multi-summit units e.g. to be a shadow of one s own self  1KBL B5=LN A0<>3> A51OZ?QE?V  s   ; .)8A.V. Koonin s Classification.   Ubased on structural-semantic principle based on the functions units fulfil in speech .D    /+A.V. Koonin s Classification according to the function in communicationHH.  : `1. nominative e.g. a bull in a china shop 2. interjectional e.g. a pretty kettle of fish! Va` 0,A.V. Koonin s Classification according to the function in communicationHH.  : n3. nominative-communicative  verbal word-groups which are transformed into a sentence when the verb is used in the Passive Voice e.g. to break the ice  the ice is broken 4. communicative  proverbs and sayings e.g. spare a rod and spoil a child - ?>60;55HL @>73C, 8A?>@B8HL @515=:0; 10;>2AB2>< ?>@B8BL @515=:0\8Zg* d ?1-nA.V. Koonin s Classification according to the structure88&.  * changeable/ unchangeable may have synonyms e.g. to lift a finger  not to raise a finger 2. with a variable pronoun e.g. to pull one s leg 3. with both types of variability e.g. to give smb a piece/ a bit of one s mindZlZlZ. ' <     2.Classification by N.N. Amosova("  8phraseological units are units of a fixed context fixed context  specific and unchanging sequence of lexical components and specific relations between them6(( (^("  3/Classification by N.N. Amosova("  *phrasemes  always binory, one component has a phraseologically bound meaning, the other serves as a determining context e.g. small talk, small hours8y (p((V       V 40Classification by N.N. Amosova("  idioms  the new meaning is crated by the whole, every element may have its original meaning weakened or completely lost e.g. in the nick of the time   at the exact moment movable (changeable)/immovable e.g. apple sauce/ the apple of one s eyeZy5)r5) 51(Proverbs (?>A;>28F0)  sum up the collective wisdom of the community, a popular truth or a moral lesson in a concise and imaginative way are metaphorical they moralize e.g. Hell is paved with good intentions 2() 62Proverbs  nthey admonish e.g. If you sing before breakfast, you will cry before night they criticize e.g. Everyone calls his own geese swans they give advice e.g. Don t judge a tree by its bark =($=($ 73Proverbs  xlexical components are stable meaning is figurative are ready-made units are easily transformed into phraseological units e.g. don t cast pearls before swine  to cast pearls before swine(zCzC.e  I 84&Sayings (?>3>2>@:0)  yare non-metaphorical, not figurative grammatically they are finished sentences e.g. Where there is a way, there is a will,O+O(+(y 95PFamiliar Quotations (:@K;0BK5 2K@065=8O)))& jcome from literature in contrast to proverbs, they do not express finished judgment e.g. To err is human. 0TTj r8 8E;1Oh+'0 hp     PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS IN ENGLISHUserRadialUser5Microsoft PowerPoint@'*7;@`%@] Gg  f 22&ZWMFCI88lx EMF8zV@8F(GDICx!b $$==% % V0xx x % % $$AA" FGDICF(GDIC`F(GDIC #`!b $$==_888f% % ;U<X(<6JX(U61X(J6X(<1<=<@ "`% % $$AA( " FGDICF(GDIC#!b $$==% % V0"888% % $$AA: $$==_888 f% % V,.88% % $$AA( : " FGDICF(GDIC9!b $$=='ff%  ;|6|X4[ |  | [ ||6|=<>8 % $$AA" FGDICF(GDIC57!b $$==_888% % W$37Q Q% % $$AA( " FGDICFGDICF(GDICl.wFGDICF(GDIC6ljvFGDICF(GDIC6FGDICRp@ArialNN,NN,NT00$NNNN`0$0(|NNN0@$ N Ndv%    T'hAUuA%LxPHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS  % ( Rp@ArialANArial p(4@Arial 0N N,N O00N0(|N,NNN#NN 0в,N0 ND Ndv%    T'A4hAUuA2 L`IN ENGLISH % (   x--$xx--'f--.%$%' * . U X\^^^^\XU.*'%$$--'--$!!--f-- $!!--'ff--8 "(.3788--'--%55--'@Arial??O-. '2 %PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS ."System-@ArialA?O-. 2 2 IN ENGLISH.-Root EntrydO)pCCurrent UserGSummaryInformation(p4PowerPoint Document(y      !"#$%&'()*+?3456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnoqrstuvwxyzW@=21 !"#$%&'()*+,-./012345689:;<=>?@ABC%_U 4<8=8AB@0B>@     PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS IN ENGLISHUserRadialUser5Microsoft PowerPoint@'*7;@`%@] Gg    -- @ !--